Asa Framework :: essays research papers

In recent years businesses in the coupled States are becoming more diverse places in which to work. Workforce multifariousness with respect to race, gender, and ethnicity has increased as result of socio-cultural changes, and is to some extent saved by law. While demographic diversity in American businesses has fail more apparent, a range of individual differences in the values, attitudes, beliefs, and personalities of their employees is assumed to commence existed for some time. However Benjamin Schneider, a psychology professor at the University of Maryland, argues that the range of individual differences in the above mentioned psychological variables becomes less honey oil within businesses over time.Schneider has proposed an attraction-selection-attrition (ASA) framework to explain how organizations behave (440). The main suggestion of Schneiders work is that businesses do not come up way. Instead employees determine the society culture. Attraction to a company, selecti on by it, and attrition from it weaken particular kinds of persons within a company. These people determine organizational behavior (Scheneider,1987).From 1997 to 1999 I was employed with a company named TNA magnetic north America. This was a company based out of Sydney-Australia, dedicated to selling and servicing packaging equipment to non-homogeneous customers in North America. At this company we all had very resembling values, attitudes and beliefs. One of the employees who was very different from the abatement of us was the general gross sales manager. He was different from rest of us in many ways. TNA North America is well know for servicing well to its customers, and all of us at TNA were very used to work ten or twelve hours each day to make sure our customers needfully were satisfied. In the other hand was the sales manager who only worked cardinal to seven hours each day, and very often did not go to the potency for days. Business travel is a big portion of the co mpany bud experience, hence we always got the most economical plane tickets. The sales manager was known for flying first class and spending lots of company cash in hand during trade shows, customer visits and conferences. This behavior was just not acceptable to the rest of the company. He came to work for us from a company that was our competitor, and he came with untroubled references and showed an extensive knowledge about the industry. During his first 6 months he act to get along with the rest of the employees, and he also tried to get some projects going with different customers.

Organic Food †Is It Worth Its Price? Essay

Organic floriculture began in the late 1940s in the united States, and in recent years it has seen a salient increase in popularity (Rubin 1). The sales of perfect aliment nurture been change magnitude by about 20 portionage a year over the past decade (Marcus 1). That is over ten times the rate of their stodgy counterparts (Harris 1). There argon 10 million consumers of innate diet in the United States, yet radical feed re interprets entirely one pct of the nations food supply.This year original food sales atomic number 18 expected to rise to six billion dollars (Rubin 1). So what is thoroughgoing food? Organic food is that which be grown without hormones, pesticides, or semisynthetic fertilisers. Also, the deformity in which total food are grown essential be clean for three years (Howe 4). Nearly 70 percent of the American public believes that the organic label on food products authority they are safer to eat and divulge for the environment according t o a keep up by the National Center for Public Policy (Cummins 1).Organic farming does have its advantages it conserves water and soil resources, recycles beast waste, releases fewer chemicals, improves soil fertility, promotes diversity of restricts, and protects farm workers, livestock, and wildlife from potentially harmful pesticides (Rubin 4). But is organic food safer than ceremonious foods? Not only can organic food be bemired with bacteria and pesticides, scarcely excessively they are to a greater extent big-ticket(prenominal) than pompous foods, yet do not offer a wagerer nutritional value or significantly better taste.Sir John Krebs, a zoologist appointed to head the Food Standards Agency in the United Kingdom said that state who bought organic food thinking it was safer or more wholesome were wasting their money (Jones 1). Critics of organic farming train that it is dangerous, environmentally damaging and, above all, incapable of feeding an overpopulated world beca lend oneself crop yields are lower than in conventional agriculture (Jones 2). If you are facial expression for health benefits from organic food, save your money. Organic food is not of necessity safer than conventional foods.Eileen White, owner of a health food store that sells organic products, says, I cant guarantee that organic food is safer than fixture foods, but that is erect a risk that some consumers are ordain to take. ABCs 20-20 fibed finding higher concentrations of bacteria on organic produce than on conventional produce (Tierney 1). Organic food can be contaminated with salmonella, Listeria, or E. coli. These microorganisms can cause unhealthiness and even death (Rubin 2). Also, since organic food is grown with manure, there is a greater risk of bacterial contamination.Animal waste is used as a fertilizer instead of synthetic chemicals on organic food, and this animal waste may contain dangerous bacteria (Tierney 1). Although the manure is composted to f ine-tune the bacteria, uncertified farmers may not always follow the proper procedure. doyen Cliver, a professor of food resort at the University of California at Davis, states We know that animals are shedding bacteria that can make good deal sick if the manure hasnt been treated properly. Personally, if I knew something was grown with conventional chemical fertilizers, I would feel extra safe.But we dont have any data to show that organic food is more or less safe (Tierney 2). Many consumers buy organic food because they think that they are pesticide free, but this is not true. Organic farmers can use natural pesticides such(prenominal) as sulfur, copper, nicotine, and plant extracts (Rubin 2). Synthetic pesticides can also be found on organic food. Synthetic pesticides can be carried by wind, ground water, rain, or soil from other farms to organic farms and contaminate the organic food macrocosm grown there (Rubin 2).Eighty-nine to ninety percent of all pesticides drift from t heir point of application, which increases the risk of nearby areas being exposed (Howe 2). Also, synthetic pesticides used before may not have disappeared from the soil and therefore can contaminate organic crops (Rubin 2). Many people do not notice a significant difference in the taste of organic food and conventional foods. Some organic food taste very different as compared to conventional foods, like organic milk (White). Sue Gebo, author of Whats Left to Eat? explains studies do not show a significant taste difference betwixt organic and conventional crops (Rubin 3). U. S. News held a blind taste seek to determine if organic food tasted better than conventional foods. Winter tomatoes, two organic and conventional, were equally tasteless. Conventional carrots and blueberry yogurt tasted better than their organic counterparts, but organic orangish juice tasted better than conventional orange juice (Marcus 3). Agricultural Secretary Dan Glickman states that organic food is no more wholesome or nutritious than conventional foods (Marcus 1).Although organic food is almost completely free from synthetic chemicals found in synthetic foods, they are no richer in vitamins, antioxidants, and other nutrients. They are not less possible to make a person sick either (Marcus 2). The higher securities industry price only buys a person peace of mind, not better nutrition. The cost of organic food can be 20 percent to 50 percent more than conventional foods due to limited supply, particular(a) handling, and required certification (Rubin 1). All organic food must be produced without synthetic pesticides and genetic engineering.The use of sewage sludge as fertilizer and irradiating food to preserve it pass on be banned also, as impart hormones and antibiotics in organic meat and dairy products (Marcus 1). Not using these technologies makes organic farming more labor intensive, therefore making organic food more expensive. Organic food also has other prejudices. O ne disadvantage is a short shelf life. Cereals, breads, nuts, seeds, and oils should be refrigerated. Also, meats cured without nit rank and nitrites should be glacial (Rubin 2).Organic farming also yields fewer crops because insects, weeds, and fungi often pervert a larger portion of organic crops than conventionally grown crops (Howe 5). Finally, only about half of the states regulate organic food and little exists to comprise organic farmers from labeling any food they wish as organic (Howe 4). Recently, the safety of conventional foods has been questioned. The use of pesticides supplies higher crop yields, curves the cost and labor of farming, and produces relatively unblemished, visually appealing produce (Howe 3).However, some scientists think that pesticide residues in conventional foods could, over many years, raise the risk of cancer and other illnesses. unverbalised evidence of this is scarce (Marcus 1). Pesticides are only dangerous if they are present in toxic amou nts. Our food supply is safe because the Environmental rampart Agency controls the levels of pesticides used (Rubin 2). A panel of the National Research Council cerebrate in 1996 that tiny levels of chemicals in the food supply are unbelievable to pose an appreciable cancer risk (Tierney 2).A similar report released in the same year by the National Academy of Sciences verbalise that pesticides pose little risk to humans because they are consumed at such low levels (Rubin 2). The health benefits of eating fruits and vegetables such as lower rates of cancer, stroke, and other diseases far outweigh any potential risks. Still, the thought of pesticides on fruits and vegetables may be quiet concern some consumers, so here are some ways to reduce picture to pesticides. One should choose foods that are free of dirt, cuts, insect holes, decay, and mold.Also, selecting produce that has thick skins, husks, or hulls (like bananas, melons, and citrus fruits) reduces exposure to pesticides because the skins are harder to permeate. Before eating fruits and vegetables, they should be scrubbed using a hard produce brush and washed under cold water. prep or baking foods will also reduce pesticide residues, as will canning, freezing, or drying foods. Finally, one should eat a varied diet to reduce exposure to any single pesticide (Rubin 3). It is foolish for one to believe that just because a product is natural it is better than conventional products.E. coli and other microorganisms are natural too. Organic food is not any safer than conventional foods. They thus far can contain bacteria and pesticides, and are no more nutritious or delicious than conventional foods. Yet people are still willing to spend nearly twice as much on organic food. If one wants to buy foods that are more environmentally friendly, therefore organic food would be a good choice but if one is looking for immediate health benefits, save your money. An apple is an apple, whether it is organic or no t, and people should not have to pay twice as much for peace of mind.

Dramatic Changes in the U.S. Intelligence Community Essay

science services of any country play a vital role in its security as well as in support of its national interests. The U. S. tidings Community (IC) today is a federation of ab give away 16 separate g everywherenmental agencies ( get together adduces Intelligence Community, 2009) that proctor information worldwide and domestically in pursuance of Americas national interests. The IC has undergone fundamental changes since WWII, the 1970s and in the aftermath of phratry 11, 2001 labializes and the Iraq warfare 2003. Each of these fundamental changes in policy, formation and practice has had a profound impact in the whole kit and boodle of the IC.This essay examines the effects of the concomitant reforms carried out within the IC focusing on the above mentioned terzetto periods of dramatic changes. The precursor to the Intelligence Community was the Office of Strategic serve (OSS) which was formed during the Second World War to coordinate the comprehension crowd and espionage activities of the single service intelligence services. After the Second World War, the U. S. government sought to change the predominant army orientation of the OSS.The subject field auspices Act of 1947 established the Central Intelligence Agency that took over the functions of the OSS and aerated it with collection of national security intelligence but no police, subpoena, virtue enforcement powers or internal security function (Theoharis &type A Immerman, 2006, p. 156). The aim here was to curtail the inflated powers that the OSS had ga thered during the war time years. However, the reality of the insentient War forced the US government to promulgate the NSC 4A of December 14, 1947, and NSC 10/2 of June 18, 1948 (Theoharis & Immerman, 2006, p.158) giving the CIA assign to conduct screen door operations. Thereon, the mandate of the CIA was increased to include sabotage, support of indigenous anti-communist elements and kill and depose leading from Cuba to Chile (Kinz er, 2008, p. 210). The 1949 Central Intelligence Agency Act authorized the potency fiscal independence outside the domain of public scrutiny and administrative controls. The organization was in any case exempted from having to trace public the roll call of its employees or where they were being employed. So the powers of the agency were vastly increased and congressional forethought reduced.Through the sixties into the other(a) 70s, the CIA was at the forefront of cover version war across the globe, undermining the Soviets and in the process becoming a law unto them self. and so when Dr Muhammed Mossadeq of Iran nationalized British Petroleum, it was the CIA which helped the British to overthrow his government to establish Reza Pehalavi as their putz (Paul, 2003, p. 14). In Iraq too, US intelligence services recruited in 1959, Saddam ibn Talal Hussein to take part in assassination of Iraqi Prime government minister Qasim who was poised to hurt American oil interests in Iraq .Within the United States, the CIA was involved in hunting out communist supporters under McCarthyism that light-emitting diode to the arrests and incarceration of hundreds of Americans under trumped up charges. These internal actions of the IC made the federation most unpopular with politicians across the spectrum. Nixon initially distrusted the agencies but soon axiom their utility leading to a series of successful covert operations that helped in winding down the Vietnam War, Coup de etat in Chile, engagement with mainland China and containment actions across the globe against Soviet expansion.Nixon later misused the CIA in get the agency to obstruct FBI investigations into the Watergate scandal (1972). In Africa, the CIA carried out covert operations to oust Soviet influence. In the period right up to the early 70s, the IC was involved predominantly in conduct of a mystic foreign policy and the administration then started having misgivings about the efficiency of the organiz ation with its excessive focus on clandestine operations (Louis, 1987, p.103). Therefore, in 1973, the music director of Central Intelligence (DCI), James Schlesinger decided to reform the agency to make it more accountable and efficient. He fired two thousand officers (Louis, p. 103) and compi direct a underwrite on the (mis)doings of the agency in conducting political assassinations worldwide, and indulging in illegal surveillance of thousands of US citizens who had opposed Americas matter in the Vietnam War.Though this bailiwick was supposed to be secret, it was leaked to the media that led to a series of investigations into the full treatment of the CIA by the senate (Church Committee), the class of Representatives (Pike Committee) and the administration of Gerald crossbreeding (Rockefeller Com deputation) in 1975, which in turn led to the distancing of the CIA from its linkages with domestic politics. This also led to a formation of the Presidential Oversight Board at th e White House and the United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence in 1977 to maintain oversight on the workings of the IC.President Ford banned assassination plots against foreign leaders and tightened CIA and NSC approval procedures for the use of covert actions (Jeffreys-Jones & Andrew, 1997, p. 182). President Carter further tightened the function of the IC. The technicalization of the IC under the stewardship of full admiral Turner vastly increased the agencies ability to remotely eavesdrop on the global community but downplayed HUMINT leading to glaring weaknesses in intelligence collection in the field that led to the bombings of American embassies in Kenya, Uganda and the 9/11 attacks.The Intelligence Oversight Act of 1980 brought in more accountability in the workings of the IC, which included advance intimation to the Congress in case the IC was to be tasked for covert operations. In the Reagan years, the IC was actively involved in ousting the Sovie ts from Afghanistan. The IC played a diametric role in supplying the Mujahidin arms and ammunition to smite the Soviets.The Reagan administration, on many occasions willfully bypassed the Oversight Act as Vice Admiral Poindexter Reagans NSA stated that he had bypassed the intelligence committees in the Iran-Contra Affair to avoid outside interference (Jeffreys-Jones & Andrew, p. 189). This led to the 1991 Intelligence Oversight Act which required the President to give a scripted order for any covert operation. The various measures to instill accountability, and reduce the background of its power hobbled the agencies which became too gun-shy (Coll, 2004, p. 424) and failed spectacularly in detecting the 9/11 attack plan launched by the Al Qaeda.The 9/11 report clearly indicted the intelligence services for their failure to detect the formation of a coherent group like the Al Qaeda and its intent to attack symbols of American power within America (Kean & Hamilton, 2004, p. 34 1). The report pointed out to the deficiencies in strategic analysis against Al Qaeda, lack of imaginative intellection and the lack of coordination between the various intelligence agencies. The 9/11 report recommended sweeping changes to restructure the IC starting right at the blossom by replacing the position of conductor of Central Intelligence with National Intelligence Director (Kean & Hamilton, 2004, p.411) to oversee national intelligence centers and name the power to approve and submit nominations of individuals who would head CIA, DIA, FBI intelligence office and so on (Kean & Hamilton, 2004, p. 412). Since 9/11, the role of the IC in covert operations had increased vastly especially under the Republican watch, where greater leeway was given to the IC to carry out targeted killings using pirana drones across Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan. The embarrassment of the false Iraqi WMD dossier, regret for which was proffered by then Secretary of State, Colin Powell (S hulman, 2008, p.107) dented the ICs image and there have been renewed calls for strengthening congressional oversight over the workings of the IC. The Obama administration has shown greater sensitivity towards adhering to the democratic tenets of oversight and following the rules fate by the National Security Act in that the new CIA Director Leon Panetta, on first information, shut down a secret CIA mission to kill Al Qaeda leaders which was being executed without congressional approval (Hess, 2009).In conclusion it can be reiterated that the US IC has been undergoing dramatic changes since the Second World War mostly as a reaction to the changing circumstances. The reforms after Second World War were initiated to bugger off about better coordination, accountability and oversight by the government into the workings of the IC. The reforms in the seventies were a direct reaction to the excesses committed by the IC and to check their indiscretion and bring greater control over their objectionable operations.9/11 gave a severe jolt to the American administration and the reforms that were then initiated came as response to the event as also a genuine feeling for the need to better harness the skills of the IC. locate Iraq War 2003, the clamor for oversight has increased as it was being snarl that the agencies had deliberately misled the government by giving faulty intelligence that led to the Iraq war. On the whole, the drive to initiate reforms in the IC has been more activated in nature rather than being proactive for dealing with futurity threats. Works Cited Coll, S. (2004).Ghost Wars The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden. NY Penguin. Hess, P. (2009, July 15). House Lays seat for CIA Probe. Retrieved July 21, 2009, from Washington Post http//www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/14/AR2009071401648. html Jeffreys-Jones, R. , & Andrew, C. M. (1997). Eternal Vigilance? 50 Years of the CIA. NY Routledge. Kean, T. H. , & Hamilton, L. (2004). The 9/11 Commission Report. Washington D. C. Supt. of Docs. GPO. Kinzer, S. (2008). All the Shahs Men. NY Wiley. Louis, G. (1987). The New American State Bureaucracies and Policies Since Worl War II.Baltimore JHU Press. Paul, J. A. (2003, November). Oil Companies in Iraq. Retrieved July 6, 2009, from Global Policy Forum http//www. globalpolicy. org/ component/content/article/185/40586. html Shulman, S. (2008). chthonicmining Science Suppression and Distortion in the Bush Administration. Berkeley University of California Press. Theoharis, A. G. , & Immerman, R. H. (2006). The Central Intelligence Agency Under Scrutiny. Westport Greenwood Publishing. United States Intelligence Community. (2009). Members of the Intelligence Community. Retrieved July 21, 2009, from http//www. intelligence. gov/1-members. shtml

Evaluation of Social Identity Theory Essay

Social categorization is the filing of the certain type of people, which is usually show to individuals that be the homogeneous to you as us or to individuals who you call for be dissimilar from what you think of yourself as them. When you observe at other people, you see the differences of how other people look and behave compared to how you usually behave and flirt during your daily life. Furthermore, you will categorize them as world them as a word to describe either the significant or insignificant differences among people that are similar to you and people who are not similar to how you look or behave. For e.g. some people often think that they are cool establish on their own opinion, but when soulfulness else is different they might be considered as being uncool.Social identity looks mainly at the individual characteristics that determine who you actually are. It is solely based on what you do that defines you socially or in public, which makes people confide that this is your identity. Social Identity is not personal identity as at that place is no correspondence. Personal identity basically looks at what you do in person compared to social identity, which is solely about the individual characteristics that you represent in the optic of the public.You can be socially identified to be e.g. a swot, because of your individual characteristics that seem to define you in resemblance to a nerd, for example, being knowledge equal or smart in terms of IQ or the way you dress or look. Or that some unity is festive or a lesbian, because they act unusually strange resembling of how the opposite gender usually acts. Additionally, the way they dress that is unusual in the publics eye, so they will be easily identified as being gay or a lesbian, e.g. a man wearing tight-fit shorty shorts and unyielding boots with a handbag or a woman with short bull wearing a hoodie with baggie trousers and casual Nike shoes.Social comparison is the comparison b etwixt individuals due to the differences from the determination of the characteristics of one person. Our conscience is socially aware to assistant us be able to understand these differences so that we are able to distinguish people that are alike and people that are different. Furthermore, we play to help people due to their individual characteristics that are similar to ours and kinda we are hesitant or not willing to help someone else that are considered to be different from us.In Tajfels theory, it is an essay conducted with students that are sorted into small groups. Each group produced an artwork and they were thence told to rate the painting work of other groups, including their own. At the end result, one group that is pre-dominantly male-based has given their own artwork very high ratings, darn the ratings of others were low. This shows the differences between self-admiration and egotistical thinking, as they are putting themselves in scoop out priority.Positive Disti nctiveness are . That is recognized as being exceptional and different to what is already common

Insulting language Essay

Great expectations might be read as a bildungsroman because it charts the progress of the main character, point, from childhood to adulthood. Traditionally, a bildungsroman contains a hero, who usually suffers previous(predicate) on in conduct, maturing and clashing with the social settings and tear downtually solid ground accepted into it. The story focuses around this theme save doesnt always play by its rules. In my es reckon I w gruesome be discussing to what point Great expectations can be read as a bildungsroman.Great expectations conforms to the genre of a bildungsroman right from the start of the book, in the possibility scene we meet old buck talking ab step up charting his action from when he was a little boy to a untested gentleman. equivalent in most bildungsroman books slay has suffered a loss at an earliest age, his parents, brothers and sisters. whip has also had a harsh start to life because he lives with his sister who, even thought she is looking co me in for him, treats him quite badly.To even more extent the social hierarchy is established very early on as we find out that Mr. Joe is a blacksmith and this is important in order to judge snaps development, we can even place from the language that he uses that he has a hard knock life and is not well off. The structure of the opening scene tells us a lot well-nigh how it conforms to the bildungsroman genre, the way demon immediately introduces us to two Pips.The old omnipotent storyteller Pip, who tells the story as he remembers it skipping out bits and stretching the truth a little. And the young actor Pip who acts out what is happening while narrating it in 1st person which allows us to tactile property the harshness and changes that he is going through as he does which supports the bildungsroman framework. As I grant mentioned before the language shows a lot nigh the type of life and the harshness of his life. E.g. Dark, flat, wilderness, low leaden line. Finally Dicke ns introduces the Convict who reinforces the social order and emphasises the harshness of Pips life, lastly he introduces the number one of Pips great expectations.We first meet young pip in a cold and desolate church yard, looking at the graves of his parents and brothers this is important as it shows the harsh life he has had. In Chapter 1 we find out that Pip Has not had a childhood, he was bought up By hand suggesting that he has been disciplined harshly and ill Treated But with all the best in mind. We also give out that Pips Sister, Mrs. Joe, his tho Relative in the world Who disciplines him so sternly, Married the local town blacksmith which shows that Pips Family is vile and that pip is not so well educated As he calls himself Pip which is the only words he could pronounce.Even with the convict Pips Personality shines through, it shows that even though the Convict is threatening him severely But Pip still tonicitys sympathy for him if he were eluding the pass on of the dead people, even when he is told that he must go and fetch him a file he still has the courtesy to say good night, sir but Pip was also nervous he faltered and terrified I was dreadfully frightened. Old Pip is reporting what young Pip said and felt.As I have said in previous paragraphs Pip has had a hard life, Pips kinfolk is a small wooden house with a ditch clock which is a cheap clock. Pip is also mistreated as he served as a connubial missile and that he gets regular beatings from tickler. Pip is not the only one beaten K immediatelying her (Mrs. Joe) to have a hard and heavy hand, and to be much in the tog of laying it upon her husband as well as upon me.Mrs. Joe is important because she represents the rhytidectomy of the children in Victorian society, she helps us to lets us see how truly farthermost Pips has come from existence forced to intimidate higher grad to really being it. Joe is a fellow-sufferer of Mrs. Joe and he and Pip both treat all(prenominal) othe r like equals and share secrets more of having an older brother than him real raising him as a father figure. It is important to see Pip at his home as we can feel sympathy for him and interpret what he is going through. Dickens wants us to fell sympathy for him so we can realize what his life was like and how he has changed since his childhood. The robbery of the pie shows us how Pips fear for both Mrs. Joe and the convict and that his conscience about stealing from his sister, the one who brought him up by hand and fear from being caught or, if not doing it out of this fear, being killed by the convicts friend.In chapter 7 we learn a lot about Pips facts of life. Everything he has learnt was form Mr. Wopsles great aunts school, but not from Mrs. Wopsle, from Biddy, her daughter. In Mrs. Wopsles School their only source of command was a single book that was passed around the soma showing that Pip hasnt had a very good education like many of the working class children in Victor ian society. Pips education shows that he is slowly advancing in society and is trying to execute his goals.However Pip thinks of himself as stupid when really he only thinks like this as he is not learning fast fair to middling for him to like it and his surroundings make him believe it. Joe in comparison to Pip has had not much of an education, he cant even read where as Pip has become superior to him in his education and because of this we fell non-white for Joe because of the story of his childhood he tells us afterwards.Pip is invited to play at Miss Havershams house, this is important as it shows a crucial dissever of the bildungsroman genre, the shunning out of the society that he wants to be accepted by, when Pip is playing at Satis house he is mixing with the higher class which represents a small leap to achieving his goals, while also giving him something else to get under ones skin at, Estella. Pip is treated badly by Estella because of his class making him feel poor and common, insulting the language he uses he calls the knaves, lift showing the difference in class which makes him upset and cry but the fact that she gets to him means that he likes her, urging him to change class the detainment that have never bothered me before, look coarse and common now. Joe responds to Pip with helpful advice, saying that if he wants to be uncommon he must do it the honest way because if he cant hell never do it and we expect Pip to go and shanghai his goals.

Behaviorism: Classical Conditioning Essay

There ar four main(a) instruct theories of deportmentism. These four theories are Pavlovs (1849-1936) simple conditioning, Thorndikes (1874-1949) connectionism (also known as law of effect), Guthries (1886-1959) contiguous conditioning, and Skinners (1904-1990) operant conditioning. consort to the text (Shunk 2012) Classical conditioning was discovered around the beginning of the twentieth century by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov was studying digestive process in dogs when he discovered that the dogs salivated before they received their food. Pavlov utilized a adjust pitchfork and meat powder. He hit the tuning fork and followed the cash in mavens chips with the meat powder. In the beginning, the dog salivated only to the meat powder, but aft(prenominal) this was retell, salivated at the sound of the tuning fork.In holyal conditioning, a open(a) learns to associate i stimulant with an early(a). The subject learns that the first stimulus is a cue for the se cond stimulus. In other words, the meat powder is an number slight stimulus and the salivation is the unconditioned response. The tuning fork is a neutral stimulus until the dog learns to associate the tuning fork with food. Then the tuning fork becomes a conditioned stimulus which produces the conditioned response of salivation after repeated pairings between the tuning fork and food. According to Guthries Contiguous learn the only condition necessary for the association of stimuli and responses is that there is a limiting chronological relationship between the stimuli. Guthrie states that penalty and reward have no signifi orduret role in the learning process because the reward and punishment occur after the association between the stimulus and the response has been made.He also believed that you can use side track to change previous conditioning. Side tracking involves discovering the initial cues for the habit and associating other bearing with those cues. Thus sidetracking causes the internal associations to crush up. In other words forgetting is due to interference kind of than the vent of time. Operant conditioning was pioneered by B.F. Skinner and built on the classical conditioning work of Ivan Pavlov (McLeod 2007). It is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for mien. through and through these rewards and punishments, an association is made between a behavior and a offspring for that behavior. In operant conditioning, behavior occurs more frequently when followed by wages, and happens less(prenominal) frequently when followed by punishment.The idea is that behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow. When you are rewarded for doing both(prenominal)thing, you are more belike to repeat that behavior. When you are punished for doing something you are less likely to repeat that behavior. According to the text (Shunk 2012) Thorndikes connectionism has two parts. jump when a particular behavior is follo wed by a reward, that behavior is more likely to happen again in the future. Second is that if a particular behavior is followed by a punishment that behavior is less likely to happen again in the future. Thus the rewarding behavior is versed and the punishing behavior is non learned. Connectionism emphasizes that the great the reward or punishment, the greater the streng then(prenominal)ing or weakening of the association.Behaviorism is base on the precede that behavior is a function of its environmental consequences or contingencies. Behaviorism was the primary paradigm in psychology between the 1920s through 1950 and is based on a number of underlying presumptions regarding methodology and behavioral analysis (McLeod 2007). Behaviorism deals with the consequences of behavior and those behaviors can be rewarded or punished. Reward reinforcements can strengthen behaviors or increase the behavior for example, giving praise promotes veracious behavior. Punishments goal is to decrease the behavior or likelihood of it happening again. A positive to behaviouristic psychology is that it tends to promise the behavior in certain circumstances. The possibilities to predict is the key to controlling behavior and thus avoid needless reactions.a nonher(prenominal) positive, is the notion of rewards and punishment in behaviorism can be real useful in order to adapt to the required behavior. In other words behaviorism suggests that one can predict and modify behavior by strategically controlling the consequences. In contrast the weakness of behaviorism is that it attempts to explain all the actions of a person only through transparent occurrences, making it impossible to directly observe the occurrence of consciousness. So the main opposition is that the behavior of a person is always a learned association that was once supported or punished. Behaviorism in some ways neglects the individualism of every person by making the assumption that people are not respon sible for what they do but rather implies that all of the behavioral acts of a person are based former(prenominal) rewards/consequences experienced.Behaviorism concepts can be applied to in home family counseling. First, weigh activities, projects and circumstance plan objectives to correspond with the proportional amount of effort one would like for the family to put into these activities rewards and reinforces family effort, involvement and performance in those areas. Similarly, providing feedback during the development of the case plan and completion of case plan objectives rewards and reinforces learning over time, and should resolving in better retention and skill development. This later type of reinforcement frequently occurs with the parents but also can be used effectively adolescents as well in the form of things such as line charts. The principles of behaviorism can be useful in facilitating learning inwardly the in home counseling.However, they do not account for t he motivation or thought behind actions taken because behaviorism focuses on behaviors that can be observed only. For example a family could be completing objectives in a case plan simply just to have the case shut rather than to actually progress in their parenting skills. According to the text (Shunk 2012) self-regulation involves behaviors, as individuals regulate their behaviors to keep themselves focused on goal attainment. Behaviorism states that behavior is learned, and new learning is a result of acquiring new behavior patterns by means of environmental conditioning. It can be argued that there is a correlation between the two, at least from a learners perspective.It can be give tongue to that self-regulation is reliant on goal set and self-efficacy. Therefore unless learners have goals and feel that obtaining them is important, a learner may not activate the processes needed for self-regulation. Behaviorism could present itself in the form of classic conditioning that bei ng learned behavior based on experience. A learner knows that in order to pass a class one must do well on assigned work. The learner would then make it a priority to work diligently on said work, through the process of self-regulation. The emphasis put on the work would be done so due to the learned behavior that if one does not do well one would receive a less than prima(p) grade and thus run the risk of not passing the class.ReferencesSchunk, D. H. (2012). erudition theories An educational perspective, 6th ed. Boston, MA Pearson.Fields, H. (2011). Is Behaviorism Dead? Retrieved from http//www.scholarshub.wordpress.com McLeod, S. A. (2007).Behaviorism.Retrieved from http//www.simplypsychology.org/behaviorism.html

Police Accountability Essay

Police Officer Accountability is insurance policy practice biggest thing. An military officer is accountable for the community, the department, and themselves (Peak, 2012). An officer action is an responsibility which elicit bring on more strain and concern that might pay in the way of the officers split decision fashioning when an officer is involved in a seeking, the officer must obtain in mind the public refuge, as well as the safety of the suspect, and when he arrest the suspect he should make sure that he abide by the law and to make sure that the reason for the pursuit is but in the report for court.The ramifications would be making sure his accountability is successful or take responsibility if something tragic happens. An example of a specific situation where officer accountability for his actions that would affect his decision making in enforcing the law would be An officer is sitting in a store parking lot and he sees a elevator motorcar fastness through the par king lot heading in the direction of pile who are going in and out of the store.The car runs over ace of the people and keeps going. The officer takes off behind the car and pulls it over. The officer gets of his car and walk to the driver side of the car, as he approach the car and starts to ask the driver for his license and registration he notice that it is unity of his fellow officer and he is extremely intoxicated.The off employment officer asks him to let him go with a warning not realizing that the reason he was pulled over was because he just ran psyche over. If the officer who is on duty lets him go he would be held accountable because he would taking a risk by letting him continue to drive and risk him harming someone else or himself. The officer arrests his fellow officer so he outhouse be held accountable for his unlawful actions.

Movie Analysis: A Walk to Remember Essay

A Walk To Remember is a romantic icon based on a novel by Nicholas Sparks. It is a 2002 Warner Bros occupy which starred the 90s pop singer Mandy Moore as the demure, religious, and bookish Jamie Sullivan and punk throw off musician Shane West as the popular but rebellious Landon Carter. order by Adam Shankman, the story is set in the sm totally townspeople of Beaufort, North Carolina.Landon and his entourage of hooligans vex an initiation ritual which, as usual, voluminous some defiance of authority. One night, after drinking, Landon and his clique trespassed in a cement factory and decided to jump into a pond nevertheless in their underwear. While doing their inanities, matchless of their friends got hurt from jumping off from the cement apparatus. They panicked and got the attention of the security guard so they decided to break away. All of them were able to escape except Landon and his friend who was still unconsciously lying beside the pond. Because hes still a minor, hes punishment was doing after-school community service and participating in a school play.Joining the school play got him involved with Jamie Sullivan, the reverends daughter who had nothing in common with him. Jamie was dedicated in everything she does and excelled in school. Because of her Baptist upbringing, she often wears the same old and loose sweater and that created an impression of peculiarity from others. This usual faade of hers made Landon cold and distant from her. At first, he was only using Jamie to help him memorize the lines in the play. But as he spent more time with her, he discovered the significant Jamie and realized that shes far from the person he thought she was.In the final act of the play, he got astounded by Jamies cup of tea as she sang Only Hope with her melodic voice. It was the first time she ever saw Jamie all made up. He got carried away and kissed Jamie all the same though it was not part of the script. After the play, he tried to be closer t o her and to make up for all the offensive things he give tongue to and did. But Jamie just kept pushing him away. Not until Langdons friends in public humiliated Jamie in school by placing a picture of her honcho in body of an indecently dressed woman. This embarrassed Jamie so much. though he k advanced it would ruin his relationship with his friends, Landon took Jamies side and defended her. He and so gained Jamies trust again and Jamie did not avoid him anymore.Landon continued to do special things for Jamie by taking her to a date, buying a new sweater for her, and taking her to special places. Not long after, he started to relegate strong feelings for her, something he did not expect to do. But a heart-breaking hidden becomes known that puts their relationship to the test, Jamie confessed to Langdon that she had leukemia and had stopped responding to treatments. Despite of this, Langdon still held on with her. He was there when she needed him the well-nigh and fulfi lled the most important want in her wish list to get married in the church building where her deceased mother alike got married.The actors Shane West and Mandy Moore have chemistry with apiece other. Both have portrayed their characters well. Mandy Moores voice was an asset in the movie. The part where he sang the Only Hope was the most persistent and amazing part she did. Shes excessively the voice behind most of the soundtracks the movie used such us promise, Lighthouse, and Someday Well Know. The musical directors have chosen songs that perfectly fit the scenes in the movie. An example was the part where Landon danced along with her mother and the song was Mother, we just cant get plentiful by the New Radicals. The songs are also remarkable that whenever the song Cry is heard, people who have watched would always associate it with the movie. Other soundtracks were also preserve by the Switchfoot band.Another positive thing about the movie is that it did not end with Jami e on the death bed. It just showed Landon watching the sunset delighted and still believing that Jamie is still with him. Like the air, he couldnt square up her, but he could feel her. That created an optimistic ending for the movie.The movie fits all ages. Though it is a romantic film, it is wholesome. Jamie and Landon did not go beyond kissing. It also teaches the audience the true essence of faith, forgiveness, and love. Faith was manifested by Jamie and her father who did not lose their trust in God despite Jamie having leukemia. Forgiveness was also shown when Shane pardoned his friends who hurt and despised him and his father who left him for another woman. And love was omnipresent all throughout the movie.The reality of death was not a curb for Jamie and Landons love for each other it wasnt a savvy to lose their faith in God. Indeed, love never fails. Over all, its a must-see movie. Its a movie for those who wants to know what love is, who wants to be in love, and wh o are already in love and wants to stay in it. Its a timeless movie that would surely make ones heart melt in awe.

Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie

N. Hart English Honors dormancy Freshmen Never Lie by David Lubar 7Explain why you think this book go out or ordain non be read 100 days from now. Support your opinion by stating specific events in the story. One 100 years from now I study this book will be read as it contains most problems faced by incoming freshmen in steep prep be. The book is well written and is fun to read as the main face, Scott Hudson employs literary uses while he writes in his journal to his unhatched sibling, who he calls Smelly of his high inform experiences.Every teenager faces problems while in high give instruction and some of them argon addressed in this book. The issues that ar evident in this book are friendship issues, drill issues, family dynamics, changeover from childhood to adulthood, and actions confine consequences. Friendships made in elementary school or middle school can only last in high school if the friends stay in the same city, their interests remain the same, academic performances are given the same priority, and maturity levels develop at the same rate. Scotts best friends from middle school are Mitch, Patrick, and Kyle.Scott wishes that they remain friends forever as he calls them Three Musketeers. Scott is not in the same classes as his friends. He has honors and college prep classes and they all have tech prep classes. Mitch gets a young lady and has no time for the others. Patrick moves to Texas and then is relocated to Japan because of his fathers work. Kyle, who others think is tough when actually he broke his nose go off a rocking horse, stands up for his bookworm friend early on in their freshman year just now gets on the wrestling group and soon ignores Scott.Once Kyle joins another group he no longer extremitys to watch a friendship with Scott because they have different social status in high school. Scott does hire some new friends in high school. An unintended friend is Wesley Cobble, a tough senior who in the beginning of s chool shakes down Scott for money. They meet at the school representation where Scott went to get a file for his English teacher, Mr. Franka and Wesley was sent because he was in trouble. Wesley asks Scott why hes at the office and not wanting to lie, Scott responds that he got to the office by perambulation, which means walking.Wesley buys it and thinks Scott is in trouble too. Later that day at lunch, Wesley puts by Scott in the lunchroom. Scott is not sure why Wesley would want to sit by him and tries to figure this out. One morning Scott is waiting for the bus and Wesley drives by and stops asking Scott if he wants a ride to school. Scott gets into Wesleys gondola car because he is tired of being confronted by the upper classmen and soon they obtain friends. For teenagers there can be a lot of school problems to rush with. Scotts root Spanish teacher is actually a French woman. Then he gets an Australian man to teach him Spanish.He cant understand these teachers notwiths tanding realizes his other classmates cant either. Scotts classes are hard and he gets a lot of homework. As a result, he has to spend hours trying to get the work down and gets little sleep. S becomes a priority for him. Scotts PE teacher makes them physically work hard. He even makes them do physical activity when it is freezing. withal, upper classmen constantly disassemble on freshmen. Scott writes, Keep away from seniors. Keep away from juniors. Its probably a groovy idea to avoid sophomores, too, since most of them seem to want revenge for what happened when they were freshmen. Scotts experiences with upper classmen make him realize that you shouldnt ask directions because they will send you to the wrong place. While on a school bus they usually hit you in the back of the head so sit behind a tall guy. Dont load down your books under your arm in a crowded hall because they will knock them out. Older student council members dont listen to the freshmen so why join. Lastly, while being on crew for the school play, they make you do all work. Everyones family dynamics are different but there are always some issues within the family that causes concern.Scott feels that Bobby, his older familiar got the good genes and asks his mom if he was adopted because he is not good with tools. Scott soon realizes that Bobby is struggling to find his own place in the world. Also that Bobby can hardly read and that is why he became so outmatch and got into trouble a lot in high school. They were hiding Bobbys real problem. Scott also is watching his parents deal with the approaching birth of their third gear child and is worried that the baby will change things and his parents will not have time for him.The transition from childhood to adulthood is do by everyone is it is called maturing. Scott knows that Kyle is ignoring him but still doesnt want to acknowledge it because it hurts too practically since they used to be good friends. When Kyle tells him that Julia Baskins is out of his league, Scott realizes that he has outgrown their friendship because Kyle is less(prenominal) mature than him. Scott becomes more adventuresome by representativeicipating in the school paper, the Zenger Gazette as the sports writer, getting on the student council, and being part of the crew for the school play.All of these activities were to be near Julia who doesnt succeed in obtaining positions on any of these extracurricular activities but Scott fulfills his responsibilities to them. lee(prenominal) is another character that shows growth. She is new to the school and wears strange clothing, has piercings, and strange colored hair. Other kids at school call her Weirdly which is a combination of her name, Lee and weird. Her demeanor keeps others at a distance. She has the love of literature in common with Scott. When Scott picks her up at her house to go to the last school dance of the year, Lee has changed her appearance to be normal.another(prenominal) is sue that is relatable to teens is that actions have consequences. This is shown when rim attempts suicide by hanging himself. Scott feels extremely guilty for he thinks that he may have pushed Mouth over the edge by telling him that he has no clue what girls think at a dance which resulted in Mouth asking all the girls to dance with him a second time and be rejected by them. When Scott gets a chance to visit Mouth in the hospital he finds out that Mouth feels alone and lonely. That is why he did it.Scott points out that suicide leaves a mess that someone else would have to open up. Also, when Scott first heard of someone from their school had committed suicide he first thought it was Lee as she always wore dark habiliments and likes literature with vampires and death. He immediately feels guilt thinking that she might not have done it if he had been nicer to her and singed with her not caring what others might think. Another effect of one persons actions is when Scott finally fe els comfortable to talk with Wesley about him beating up people and taking their lunch money.Scott relates it to how would Wesleys imaginary younger brother feel would if that type of bullying was done to him. Wesley seems to understand what Scott is telling him and this conversation may change Wesley to become a better person. Another action that had consequences is when Mouth put in Scotts piece in the Zenger Gazette relating the football team to food where Vernon is referred to a hotdog. Scott knows that Vernon is mad about that and wants to beat him up and knowing that Scott has a shove on his girlfriend, Julia. Vernon finally gets his chance by having Kelly lure Scott to a unemployed classroom.When Scott gets home his father knows that he was in a fight but Scott tells him that, it wasnt a fair fight but that it is over. I believe the problems that Scott Hudson encountered in this book can be the same for high school students. Every new high school students faces the anxiety of the unknown when they first get into high school. This summer reading assignment gave us a glimpse of what those problems may be and let us see how the character, Scott handled them. I enjoyed reading Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie and think that this book will be read a 100 years from now.

Moral dimensions of punishment

honourable and political theory, that is, should perceive itself as articulating how it is possible for inquirers, immersed as they atomic number 18 in the contingent contexts of their lives and circumstances, (Bar displace-Marcus, 1980) to work out for themselves the details some what is right and wrong. As inquirers we proceed as best we can in the situations in which we puzzle ourselves and which we create for ourselves, guided by the thought that experience is the key to truth, knowledge, and objectivity. As Dewey stressed, the pragmatist must see moralisticisticity and politics as problem-driven, and those problems go forth motley as mixer practices, systems of domination and oppression, the religious breakup of a population, and a host of other circumstances vary.There are gayy laws that square off the publication and dissemination of pornography however, they take what some magnate marge a rather permissive attitude toward consensual sexual employment between ad ults. Since this is an area in which morality law differs quite intimately in the United States and Europe.Included in the subcategory of offenses against morality are do drugs and consensual sex offenses. The English gather in a framework of laws classifying drugs into several(predicate) categories and proscribing their unlawful importation, production, and possession. Although the English do permit heroin to be supplied to registered addicts, this is do far less frequently than might be envisaged.Durkheim was one of the booster cable thinkers in this regard. In looking at the nature of modern industrial inn, Durkheim focused on the moral basis of social order and stableness the basis of what he termed social solidarity. He argued that without the regulation of society, individuals would attempt to remunerate their own desires and wishes without regard to their fellows. This societal regulation had, he believed, to be ground on a deal of shared values and a working socie ty required that the individuals within it accepted these commonalty values. Durkheim called this common set of values the collective conscience, which he defined as the totality of beliefs and sentiments common to average citizens of the same society.Crime is, then, necessary it is bound up with the native conditions of all social intent, and by that very fact it is useful, because these conditions of which it is a dampen are themselves indispensable to the normal evolution of morality and law. (Crain, 1985)The human race of social morality and social solidarity defends penalization inevitable and necessary, in that it reaffirms and stanceens the moral and social bonds. Of tune, punishment is not the barely if process that does this religion, education and family life all help to strengthen the collective conscience and to promote social cohesion.punishment has to be seen as a very important m over of reinforcing moral and social order in less complex societies with a l ess off endinged division of labour. However, while methods of punishment change over time, the essential break downs of punishment remain constant. Although the collective conscience of a society changes over time and people are outraged by antithetic activities, punishment as a social process has an unchanging character.Punishment is seen as an important and necessary part of the moral order of society. It helps retain the collapse of moral authority and demonstrates the strength of moral commands. For Durkheim, the primary function of punishment is the reassertion of the moral order of society. From this analysis, punishment is not an instrument of deterrence that aims to prevent the repetition of a guilty act the bane of the unpleasant consequences of particular punishments are full practical problems that might understructure in the way of the criminals desires (Gill, 2003). Rather, it is a means of conveying moral messages and of indicating the strength of feelings tha t lie behind those messages and the common consciousness. In practical terms, punishment whitethorn founder to be unpleasant, but in terms of the role of punishment in society Durkheim sees that as incidental the essence of punishment is the flavour of moral condemnation.Because law and morality are so intertwined (laws, for example, often develop out of moral concerns) the distinction between the two is often ignored. barely they are different something moral may not be healthy something legal may not be moral. A law is a rule of conduct prescribed by properly constituted government authority and enforced by sanctions. Whether or not an action is moral, by contrast, depends upon whether it can be supported by reasons within the framework of a set of moral assumptions, which themselves must be subject to critical appraisal.The views in this piece are concerned primarily with the moral permissibility of profit. The legal issue, however, is never far in the background for two r easons. Most people conceive the legality of an act to have a bearing on its morality. Moreover, e.g. if a sufficient number of people became persuaded of the moral acceptability of euthanasia, then laws might change, making it legal.The effective decisions, especially those which bend or erode schematic principles and adjust them to a changing environment, are taken behind the scenes. It follows that unless the trailblazer has the capacity and the contacts to negotiate successfully in this arena, he will not succeed. Behind the scenes he can exploit whatever personal persuasiveness he has and he can make the hard realistic air for whatever he proposes on the grounds of expediency.He can read that both his opponents and their principles will be diminished if they refuse to bend to the demands of a real world. He does not have to argue for the essential justice of what he proposes for that may well be something which can be only asserted and cannot be rationally argued to tho se who think otherwise but only for its expediency. One suspects that many new programs in teaching and research have been introduced in this way they will cost nothing refusal to adopt them will bring severe penalties the sponsor is going to make himself unpleasant to everyone concerned, if he does not get his way and so forth.But the victor is go away in a very insecure position. His program has been accepted as a issuance of expediency, but not as a matter of principle. It thitherfore is denied that halo of non rational acceptance, that unthinking and unquestioning faith which could leave behind a protective inertia against the forces of revision, that same inertia which in the frontmost place stood in the way of innovation. (Pettit, 1997)It follows from this that acceptance behind the scenes is only the offset step. To achieve shelter, to achieve tenure so to speak, the new program must be made acceptable in the public arena and taken into the security of one of those pri ncipled stockades. In short, an innovation is accepted when it becomes part of the sacred. This can rarely, if ever, be done without a contest.So, at the end, we come to the real quandary which far transcends, while it encompasses, the three-way pull of scholar transfer, collegiality and service. It is in reality a choice between equal evils the open world of principle and the incensed world of action. To choose one or the other is foolish, and the sensible man can only pilot his way between them. In the end it makes no sense to ask who steers the ship Is it morality or expediency? Are the men in the smoke-filled rooms really those at the helm? They may be at the helm, but if there are no principles and there is no front arena, they have no course by which to steer.Scylla is the rock of principle expediency is Charybdis. Politics being what they are, the ship seldom contrives to steer a straight course between them. Usually, if there is progress, it is achieved by bouncing from one rock to another.What I hope to have shown is that there are some good reasons for thinking that we can make assertions or have genuine beliefs about what is right and wrong (Phillips, 1983), just and unjust, cruel and kind that we can inquire about the correctness of those beliefs that our moral deliberations aim at the truth. And I hope to have shown that if we are to make sense of this, we must conduct ourselves via democratic principles ones which encourage tolerance, openness, and understanding the experiences of others. By way of contrast, if our philosophical theory says that there is no truth to be had, then it is hard to see how we can satisfy ourselves that the reasons for being broad(a) outweigh the reasons for, say, striving to eliminate the other in our midst.The same holds for a correspondence theory of truth, because it almost directly leads to the view that there is no truth about morals and politics. If truth is a matter of a statements getting the physical world right, then how could we mayhap think that statements about what is just and unjust might be true or false? I have not in this paper spent a great deal of time on the item-by-item epistemological arguments for pragmatism, but its comparative advantages ought nonetheless to be apparent. True to the phenomenology of morals and true to a democratic vision of inquiry, it gives us something to say to the Schmittian and to ourselves about why intolerance is wrong.ResourcesBarcan-Marcus, Ruth (1980) example Dilemmas and Consistency, Journal of Philosophy, lxxvii, 3.Crain, W.C. (1985). Theories of Development. Prentice-Hall. pp. 118-136Gill, F.E. (2003). The Moral Benefit of Punishment. Lexington Books.Pettit, Philip (1997) Republicanism, Oxford Clarendon Press.Phillips, Anne (1993) Democracy and Difference, University Park, Pa. Pennsylvania State University Press. 

Angels Demons Chapter 1-5

1High atop the steps of the Pyramid of Giza a new-made wo domain laughed and called down to him. Robert, hurry up I knew I should defend back married a unfledgeder cosmos Her smile was magic.He struggled to keep up, politic his legs entangle homogeneous stone. Wait, he begged. PleaseAs he climbed, his vision began to blur. There was a thundering in his ears. I moldiness(prenominal)(prenominal) chafe her But when he looked up again, the wo reality had disappeargond. In her send stood an experienced man with rotting teeth. The man stared down, curling his lips into a only(a) grimace. Then he let out a scream of fretting that resounded across the desert.Robert Langdon awoke with a start from his nightmare. The phone beside his bed was ringing. Dazed, he picked up the receiver.Hello?Im looking for Robert Langdon, a mans phonate said.Langdon sat up in his empty bed and tried to clear his mind. This is Robert Langdon. He squinted at his digital clock. It was 518 A.M.I mus t go to you immediately.Who is this?My name is Maximilian Kohler. Im a discrete particle physicist.A what? Langdon could barely focus. Are you sure youve got the by rights Langdon?Youre a professor of ghostly iconology at Harvard University. Youve written three books on symbology and Do you k in a flash what time it is?I apologize. I reach something you contain to see. I bumt contend it on the phone.A knowing groan break loose Langdons lips. This had happened forrader. iodin of the perils of writing books close religious symbology was the calls from religious zealots who wanted him to bear out their latest sign from God. Last month a stripper from okeh had promised Langdon the best sex of his life if he would fly down and curse the authenticity of a cruciform that had magically appeared on her bed sheets. The conduct of Tulsa, Langdon had called it.How did you get my number? Langdon tried to be polite, despite the hour.On the general Web. The site for your book.Lang don f linened. He was damn sure his books site did not take on his business firm phone number. The man was obviously lying.I need to see you, the caller insisted. Ill pay you well.Now Langdon was getting mad. Im sorry, but I in reality If you leave immediately, you can be here by Im not dismission anywhere Its five oclock in the morning Langdon hung up and collapsed back in bed. He unlikeable his look and tried to fall back asleep. It was no use. The dream was emblazoned in his mind. Reluctantly, he put on his robe and went downstairs.Robert Langdon wandered unshoed with his deserted Massachusetts Victorian home and nursed his religious rite insomnia remedy a mug of steaming Nestles Quik. The April moon filtered through the talk windows and played on the oriental carpets. Langdons colleagues oftentimes gagd that his place looked more like an anthropology museum than a home. His shelves were packed with religious artifacts from around the world an ekuaba from Ghana, a capital cross from Spain, a cycladic idol from the Aegean, and even a rare interweave boccus from Borneo, a young warriors symbol of perpetual youth.As Langdon sat on his brass Maharishis chest and savored the warmth of the chocolate, the bay window caught his reflection. The look out was twisted and pale like a ghost. An aging ghost, he vox populi, cruelly reminded that his youthful spirit was living in a mortal shell.Although not overly handsome in a classical sense, the forty-five-year-old Langdon had what his female colleagues referred to as an well-educated appeal wisps of gray in his thick brown hair, probing grimy look, an arrestingly deep voice, and the strong, carefree smile of a collegiate athlete. A origin team diver in prep school and college, Langdon still had the system of a swimmer, a toned, six-foot physique that he vigilantly maintained with fifty laps a day in the university pool.Langdons friends had always viewed him as a bit of an mystery a man cau ght between centuries. On weekends he could be seen lounging on the quad in blue jeans, discussing computer graphics or religious history with students other times he could be spotted in his Harris tweed and paisley vest, photographed in the pages of upscale art magazines at museum openings where he had been asked to lecture.Although a tough teacher and strict disciplinarian, Langdon was the first to embrace what he hailed as the lost art of good clean fun. He relished recreation with an pathogenic fanaticism that had earned him a fraternal acceptance among his students. His campus nickname The dolphinfish was a reference both to his affable nature and his legendary baron to dive into a pool and outmaneuver the entire opposing police squad in a water polo match.As Langdon sat alone, ab directly gazing into the nightedness, the tranquillize of his home was shattered again, this time by the ring of his fax machine. also exhausted to be annoyed, Langdon forced a tired chuckle.G ods people, he thought. cardinal thousand years of waiting for their Messiah, and theyre still persistent as hell.Wearily, he returned his empty mug to the kitchen and walked slowly to his oak-paneled study. The incoming fax lay in the tray. Sighing, he scooped up the paper and looked at it.Instantly, a wave of nausea hit him.The image on the page was that of a human corpse. The body had been stripped naked, and its head had been twisted, facing completely backward. On the victims chest was a terrible burn. The man had been branded imprinted with a superstar invent. It was a discourse Langdon knew well. Very well. He stared at the ornate lettering in disbelief.Angels &038 DemonsIlluminati, he stammered, his heart pounding. It cant beIn slow motion, afraid of what he was virtually to witness, Langdon rotated the fax 180 degrees. He looked at the reciprocation peak down.Instantly, the breath went out of him. It was like he had been hit by a truck. Barely able to believe his e yes, he rotated the fax again, practice session the brand right-side up and then upside down.Illuminati, he whispered.Stunned, Langdon collapsed in a chair. He sat a moment in utter bewilderment. Gradually, his eyes were drawn to the fucking(a) red twinkle on his fax machine. Whoever had sent this fax was still on the line waiting to talk. Langdon gazed at the blinking light a long time.Then, trembling, he picked up the receiver.2Do I birth your attention now? the mans voice said when Langdon finally answered the line.Yes, sir, you damn well do. You want to explain yourself?I tried to ordain you before. The voice was rigid, mechanical. Im a physicist. I run a research facility. Weve had a murder. You saw the body.How did you descry me? Langdon could barely focus. His mind was racing from the image on the fax.I already told you. The Worldwide Web. The site for your book, The Art of the Illuminati.Langdon tried to encounter his thoughts. His book was virtually unknown in mains tream literary circles, but it had real quite a following on-line. Nonetheless, the callers claim still made no sense. That page has no contact information, Langdon challenged. Im certain of it.I maintain people here at the lab very adept at extracting user information from the Web.Langdon was skeptical. Sounds like your lab knows a lot roughly the Web.We should, the man fired back. We invented it.Something in the mans voice told Langdon he was not joking.I must see you, the caller insisted. This is not a matter we can discuss on the phone. My lab is only an hours flight from Boston.Langdon stood in the dim light of his study and analyzed the fax in his hand. The image was overpowering, possibly representing the epigraphical find of the century, a decade of his research substantiate in a single symbol.Its urgent, the voice pressured.Langdons eyes were locked on the brand. Illuminati, he read over and over. His sour had always been based on the symbolic equivalent of fossils a ncient documents and historical hearsay but this image before him was today. Present tense. He mat like a paleontologist coming face to face with a living dinosaur.Ive taken the liberty of direct a plain for you, the voice said. It will be in Boston in twenty minutes.Langdon entangle his mouth go dry. An hours flightPlease forgive my presumption, the voice said. I need you here.Langdon looked again at the fax an ancient myth confirmed in black and white. The implications were frightening. He gazed absently through the bay window. The first hint of dawn was sifting through the birch trees in his backyard, but the view looked somehow different this morning. As an odd combination of business organisation and exhilaration settled over him, Langdon knew he had no choice.You win, he said. discover me where to meet the plane.3Thousands of miles away, two men were meeting. The chamber was dark. Medieval. Stone.Benvenuto, the man in charge said. He was seated in the shadows, out of sight. Were you successful?Si, the dark figure replied. Perfectamente. His words were as hard as the rock walls.And there will be no doubt who is responsible?None.Superb. Do you engage what I asked for?The killers eyes glistened, black like oil. He produced a plodding electronic device and set it on the table.The man in the shadows seemed pleased. You have done well.Serving the union is an honor, the killer said.Phase two begins shortly. defecate some rest. Tonight we change the world.4Robert Langdons Saab 900S tore out of the Callahan dig and emerged on the east side of Boston Harbor near the trip up to Logan Airport. Checking his directions Langdon found Aviation Road and turned left past the old Eastern Airlines Building. Three hundred yards down the access road a hangar loomed in the darkness. A large number 4 was mixed on it. He pulled into the parking lot and got out of his car.A round-faced man in a blue flight suit emerged from shtup the building. Robert Langdon? h e called. The mans voice was friendly. He had an accent Langdon couldnt place.Thats me, Langdon said, locking his car.Perfect timing, the man said. Ive equitable landed. Follow me, please.As they circled the building, Langdon felt up tense. He was not given up to cryptic phone calls and secret rendezvous with strangers. Not knowing what to demand he had donned his usual classroom attire a pair of chinos, a turtleneck, and a Harris tweed suit jacket. As they walked, he thought about the fax in his jacket pocket, still unable to believe the image it depicted.The archetype seemed to sense Langdons anxiety. Flyings not a problem for you, is it, sir?Not at all, Langdon replied. Branded corpses are a problem for me. Flying I can handle.The man led Langdon the length of the hangar. They rounded the corner onto the runway.Langdon stopped at peace(predicate) in his tracks and gaped at the aircraft parked on the tarmac. Were riding in that?The man grinned. Like it?Langdon stared a long moment. Like it? What the hell is it?The craft before them was enormous. It was vaguely reminiscent of the space shuttle except that the top had been groom off, leaving it perfectly flat. Parked there on the runway, it resembled a spacious wedge. Langdons first impression was that he must be dreaming. The vehicle looked as airworthy as a Buick. The wings were practically nonexistent just two stubby fins on the rear of the fuselage. A pair of dorsal guiders rose out of the aft section. The rest of the plane was hull about 200 feet from front to back no windows, nothing but hull. twain hundred fifty thousand kilos fully fueled, the pilot offered, like a father bragging about his newborn. Runs on slush hydrogen. The shells a atomic number 22 matrix with silicon carbide fibers. She packs a 201 thrust/ system of weights ratio most jets run at 71. The director must be in one helluva a hurry to see you. He doesnt usually send the big boy.This thing flies? Langdon said.The pilot smi led. Oh yeah. He led Langdon across the tarmac toward the plane. Looks kind of startling, I know, but you die get used to it. In five years, all youll see are these babies HSCTs High Speed Civil Transports. Our labs one of the first to own one.moldiness be one hell of a lab, Langdon thought.This ones a prototype of the Boeing X-33, the pilot continued, but there are dozens of others the National Aero Space Plane, the Russians have Scramjet, the Brits have HOTOL. The futures here, its just taking some time to get to the open sector. You can kiss conventional jets good-bye.Langdon looked up warily at the craft. I think Id prefer a conventional jet.The pilot motioned up the gangplank. This way, please, Mr. Langdon. slang your step.Minutes later, Langdon was seated inside the empty cabin. The pilot buckled him into the front row and disappeared toward the front of the aircraft.The cabin itself looked surprisingly like a wide-body commercialized airliner. The only exception was th at it had no windows, which made Langdon uneasy. He had been haunted his solid life by a mild case of claustrophobia the vestige of a childhood incident he had never quite overcome.Langdons aversion to closed spaces was by no means debilitating, but it had always frustrated him. It manifested itself in subtle ways. He avoided enclosed sports like racquetball or squash, and he had lief paid a small fortune for his airy, high-ceilinged Victorian home even though economical faculty housing was readily available. Langdon had often suspected his attraction to the art world as a young boy sprang from his love of museums wide open spaces.The engines roared to life beneath him, sending a deep shudder through the hull. Langdon swallowed hard and waited. He felt the plane start taxiing. Piped-in country music began playing quietly overhead.A phone on the wall beside him beeped twice. Langdon lifted the receiver.Hello?Comfortable, Mr. Langdon?Not at all.Just relax. Well be there in an hour. And where exactly is there? Langdon asked, realizing he had no idea where he was headed.Geneva, the pilot replied, revving the engines. The labs in Geneva.Geneva, Langdon repeated, feeling a little better. Upstate New York. Ive actually got family near Seneca Lake. I wasnt alert Geneva had a physics lab.The pilot laughed. Not Geneva, New York, Mr. Langdon. Geneva, Switzerland.The word took a long moment to register. Switzerland? Langdon felt his pulse surge. I thought you said the lab was only an hour awayIt is, Mr. Langdon. The pilot chuckled. This plane goes Mach fifteen.5On a busy European street, the killer serpentined through a crowd. He was a powerful man. Dark and potent. Deceptively agile. His muscles still felt hard from the thrill of his meeting.It went well, he told himself. Although his employer had never revealed his face, the killer felt honored to be in his presence. Had it really been only fifteen age since his employer had first made contact? The killer still reme mbered any word of that callMy name is Janus, the caller had said. We are kinsmen of a sort. We share an enemy. I hear your skills are for hire.It depends whom you represent, the killer replied.The caller told him.Is this your idea of a joke?You have heard our name, I see, the caller replied.Of course. The brotherhood is legendary.And yet you find yourself doubting I am genuine.Everyone knows the brothers have faded to dust.A shifting ploy. The most dangerous enemy is that which no one fears.The killer was skeptical. The brotherhood endures?Deeper underground than ever before. Our roots infiltrate everything you see even the tabu fortress of our most sworn enemy.Impossible. They are invulnerable.Our reach is far.No ones reach is that far.Very soon, you will believe. An irrefutable demonstration of the brotherhoods power has already transpired. A single act of treachery and proof.What have you done?The caller told him.The killers eyes went wide. An impossible task.The next day, ne wspapers around the globe carried the same headline. The killer became a believer.Now, fifteen days later, the killers faith had solidified beyond the shadow of a doubt. The brotherhood endures, he thought. Tonight they will surface to reveal their power.As he made his way through the streets, his black eyes gleamed with foreboding. One of the most covert and feared fraternities ever to walk the earth had called on him for service. They have chosen wisely, he thought. His reputation for secrecy was exceeded only by that of his deadliness.So far, he had served them nobly. He had made his kill and delivered the item to Janus as requested. Now, it was up to Janus to use his power to ensure the items placement.The placementThe killer wondered how Janus could possibly handle such a staggering task. The man obviously had connections on the inside. The brotherhoods soil seemed limitless.Janus, the killer thought. A code name, obviously. Was it a reference, he wondered, to the Roman disho nest god or to the moon of Saturn? Not that it made any difference. Janus wielded unbounded power. He had proven that beyond a doubt.As the killer walked, he imagined his ancestors smiling down on him. Today he was fighting their battle, he was fighting the same enemy they had fought for ages, as far back as the eleventh century when the enemys crusading armies had first pillaged his land, raping and killing his people, declaring them unclean, defiling their temples and gods.His ancestors had formed a small but deadly army to defend themselves. The army became illustrious across the land as protectors skilled executioners who wandered the countryside slaughtering any of the enemy they could find. They were famous not only for their brutal killings, but also for celebrating their slayings by plunging themselves into do drugs-induced stupors. Their drug of choice was a potent intoxicant they called hashish.As their notoriety spread, these deadly men became known by a single word Hassassin literally the followers of hashish. The name Hassassin became synonymous with death in almost every language on earth. The word was still used today, even in modern English but like the craft of killing, the word had evolved.It was now pronounced assassin.

ELL Families and Schools Essay

The American education organisation has been faced with a grave challenge of ensuring that students from nonage linguistic communication groups befool to read and economise comfortably in the side vocabulary. Being English literate has live an primal aspect for the realization of academic success in the American schools which has an impact on the accessibility to the educational and economical opportunities that atomic number 18 to be found within the United States.This challenge has been compounded by the situation that there has been a growth in the diversity of the ever-increasing language-minority students. This paper shall project the interaction between the families of English actors line Learners and the schools touching on the social-cultural influences and bilingualism and business firm language use. The paper shall further analyze the p bental and community resources for English learnedness in the Seattle area. BackgroundThe number of English linguistic comm unication Learners (ELLs) has been steadily increasing which has become a significant challenge to the education system in the United States. According to statistics, in 1979, the number of language minority students was estimated to be six million and by 1999, the number had shot to an estimated xiv million. In a survey done to establish how such students fared in the county, it was observed that less than 20% could score above the standard compute as established by the respective states.Whereas only 10 percent of those who spoke English were found to drop out of school at high school level, the scenario was even worse for language minority students whose function was slightly more than 30 for those who could speak English and slightly more than 50 for those who could speak English with some difficulties (August and Shanahan, 2006). For the language-minority students who have difficulties in indicant and writing English in a proficient manner, they have a limited participati on in the American schools, workplaces and the society in general. such individual usually faces an uphill task in competing for the employment opportunities and accessing power. The impacts of the inadequateness in the growth of the English language is not only a detriment to the self through self impoverishment but in addition impacts negatively on the nation through reduction of the countrys potential in terms of economy, innovativeness, quality of life and increased productivity (August and Shanahan, 2006). Socio-cultural influences on ELLsThe English language Learners (ELLs) can not be regarded as a single group as they exhibit variations when unfavorable particularors are put into consideration as opposed to the common feature that they are all learners of the English language. Socio-cultural concomitantors play an important factor in the abridgment of these learners. Such factors include the prior academic schooling literacy levels in the homes socio-economic conditi on of the families and the cultural influences in regard to the native language and the country of subscriber line (Carrigg, 2006).In prior academic schooling, there are variations in what is regarded as elementary or primary education whereby it may refer to k-8, k-6, 1-6, or 1-5 grades (Carrigg, 2006, para 3). The location of the schooling whether urban or rural is also important in the analysis on the surgical procedure of the student. Literacy in homes is a critical element in determining academic excellence in students. phrase is commencement acquired in the homes and with educated rise ups his becomes critical to the school going sisterren.The socio-economic billet of the family is also an important aspect in language acquisition. Poverty afflicted homes have very little support if any to the academic language. thither are also cultural barriers but their influences on language acquisition are not serious. What should however be noted id the fact that stopping point a nd the native language has a more pronounced impact on the older student compared to a younger one (Carrigg, 2006). Bilingualism and home language useMost parents of the English language learners avoid speaking their firstly language believing that this would help their children in the explicatement of advancement in the English language. This is regarded as a generalized fallacy and that the parents who engage in this deny an important aspect to the children in their developmental process. The knowledge of the first language is crucial for the childrens maintenance of family relationships and cultural identity of the children (van Broekhuizen, 2010). The parents slackly assume that learning deuce languages is a difficult task and could kibosh the development of language.They believe that the child will be unable to develop mastery of either language when exposed to the bilingualism thus would lack proficiency compared to those who learn just a single language. They also hold t he feel that the two languages would confuse the child and they would have to speak the English language with an accent. This is however not true as it has been established that close to 50 percent of children around the globe can learn more than two languages becoming fluent and proficient in both languages (van Broekhuizen, 2010).In fact some studies have suggested that bilinguals in some instances have outperformed their monolingual counterparts when it comes to performance of more complex issues (Brainy-Child. com, 2010) Parental and community resources for English acquisition in the Seattle area The Seattle semipublic Schools are engaged in an effort to keep in line that students who receive from the schools are ready for the colleges through the implementation of a strategical Plan which was to be conducted in a creative and relentless manner. The protrude was committed to engaging all the families in what was dubbed as School-Family Partnership Plan.The family interloc king has been defined as efficient involvement of family members or any early(a) caring adult individuals in the education of the children via academic support advocacy and partnership in the school system. The family works are implemented to ensure that students graduate when they are fully ready for either college, careers or life (Seattle Public Schools, 2010). To accomplish the mission of family engagement in the education system, various positions have been created to enhance the process.These positions include the director for family engagement, family engagement coordinators, and family engagement teams. The district parent/Family Advisory Committee has also been established to provide leadership, professional development, childcare, and cargo ships among another(prenominal) services that many be required. There are other components that have been established under the new plan to promote the engagement of parents in the education system (Seattle Public Schools, 2010). How to improve school partnerships with the ELL FamiliesSince the parents are the childs primary teachers, it is important for programs that serve the English Language Learners to form a collaborative relationship between the parents and the teachers. In this regard, parents make to be provided with opportunities to participate in the childs education. It is the duty of the teachers to distribute information with parents about the standards, curriculum, and instructional methods that are used in their childs class and help parents understand the results of various placement and action assessment measures that are used in the classroom (Coltrane, 2010, para 9).It is spanking for the home and school to work together to ensure that the students abilities are well nurtured and developed. Conclusion The importance of the relationship between the families and school especially in English Language Learners schools can not be ignored. In fact such relationships are crucial in the develo pment of language proficiency amongst the learners in a more comprehensive manner. ELL schools should therefore be advance to establish sound relationships with the families of learners to ensure academic success.Reference August, D. and Shanahan, T. , (2006). Developing Literacy in Second-Language Learners Report of the National Literacy Panel on Language-Minority Children and Youth. Retrieved on twenty-fourth July 2010 from http//www. cal. org/projects/ catalogue/nlpreports/executive_summary. pdf Brainy-Child. com, (2010). The Impact of Bilingualism on Overall Language Development and Academic Success. Retrieved on 24th July 2010 from http//www. brainy-child. com/article/bilingual. shtml. Carrigg, F. , (2006). Teaching ELLs in the Content Areas.Retrieved on 24th July 2010 from http//www. state. nj. us/education/njpep/pd/iel/powerpt/TeachingELLsin_ContentAreas. ppt. Coltrane, B. (2010). Working With Young English Language Learners Some Considerations. Eric Digest. Retrieved on 24t h July 2010 from http//www. ericdigests. org/2004-2/young. html. Seattle Public Schools, (2010). Seattle Public Schools School Family Partnerships District Plan 2009-2010. Retrieved on 24th July 2010 from http//www. seattleschools. org/area/fam/documents/SFP%20District%20Pl

Neil Postman: Amusing Ourselves to Death

Neil Postman was a busy(a) type of a man and considered that he was non an expert on about(prenominal)thing, and yet he was ready to express his opinion on any subject under the sun. The persons mind was continuously working at jokes, headlines and antithetical ideas. This infected an individual when he met Mr. Postman and that could be responded to lone(prenominal) with humor, and nonwithstanding that was likely to crop take after forward more than ideas. There were a plenteousness of people who knew him in excess of a hundred thousand or so had first met his humor. This was besides reflected in the volumes that he wrote. Each of these is to a fault a source of propaganda for his views and written like an es assure.The first was The Disappearance of kidskinishness in 1982, and this was on the infantile nature of Ameri arouse culture. The next book was in 1985 and a satire on entertain custodyt and was named Amusing Ourselves to ending. The last was in 1993 c b othed technopoly and this criticized the f both of culture to engine room. He had an excellent cerebral pose along with poise in public meetings and on the whole this rode on the back of his capa city for humor. He always felt that he was the cultivated man in a barbaric setting. This setting bit by bit changed into boob tube and was touch on with the dots, and pursued him all his life.Now let us demeanor at what is this tv and how it connects with people. In the United States it first started transmission in New York and the British play, The Man with the Flower in His Mouth was publicise thither in July 1930. hence one can say that television system started off in the bosom of United States and the television blank space was determined in South Eastern New York at the mouth of the Hudson River. The station began ventilateing s all the equal days a week on July 21, 1931. This was a television channel or station that broadcast on the planetal mode as that was the save mode availcap adequate to(p) then.The bandwidth was then extremely confined and this led to a high control by the government. thus far, from the first-class honours degree television has been highly utilize for advertising. Organizing the TV curriculums that atomic issuing 18 to be broadcast can be worked out either as a precede production by the manufacturers and then selling to the station that intends to buy it. slightly fourth dimensions the production itself is paid for by the TV station that will head it. (Television) In other cases the station issues a license to the producers to produce the sharpen for the channel.The commemorate is some clock durations carried on in other centers after the show is over on the main channel. In TV terminology this is called junior-grade programming usage. The secondary shows may be in the original farming where the show was produced or in other countries from where the bring argon fire in the show. The shows may be con trolled by the original producer or not depending on the agreement. Sometimes a group of TV displace run some common programs in their own interest, or finished an individual. This is called syndication and the show may be sold by the producers themselves or their agents.Yet with all this it has been follow upn that doctors recommend that kidren should single see TV for an hour or two at the maximum in the day. Excess of TV conceive is cognise to cause various diseases like ADD, excessive weight and heart bothers. These may lead to diabetes or excess aggression. Thus it is illuminate that masking of Television is not recommended in a high dosage for anybody, and the bother in our realm is made worse by the situation of having a number of stations at e rattling town or city due to the possibility of multiple channels universe on hand(predicate) now.These channels can also be seen on the set through with(predicate) a cable and the customer only has to pay a monthly fe e. This is the problem that was envisaged by Postman quite a few years ago, and perchance he foresaw the worsening of the situation due to the advent of cable TV. The problem was also made clear by the decline of the family in the country and as a result the children ar being left with only one parent. Most of the time, the single parent is working and is not able to attend to the child when the child comes back from school.These let the child allow with the television and see any program of their choice. (Television) Neil Postman is an authority on children and has written more books about dissimilar subjects. These are mostly difficult on education, as he was a teacher himself. He has written on the crisis in the schools, the effect of Television on our public and governmental life and the nature of modern childishness and education. He has taken the office of conscientiously objecting to whatever he saw being harmful to the society.In certain cases he has pointed out in stitutionalized mistakes or organizational stupidity and asked for their solution. Throughout the West, there has been the concept of three stages in life infancy, childhood and adulthood. This had gone undisturbed for 350 years, alone is now being oppugned by a new element in the communicational facilities television. This is seriously disturbing as the contents of life that would be radiation diagramly faced by adults are now being made open to the children through this new medium.The children do not restrain to go through the portals of adulthood for reaching this selective information. to begin with this was being protected by the adults through certain secrets that are known to adults, but not revealed to children till they reached the appropriate age. These secrets are the friendly, political and versed secrets that an adult must know. At the same(p) time Television reveals all these secrets at once, and this makes it difficult to control the socialization of the n ewborn among themselves.This is making the young less discernible from adults. Stirring Up Trouble about Technology, Language, and Education) In the past there was a time when alcoholism was seen only among adults, and not at all among children. Today it is common to see child alcoholics. The same situation exists among children for drugs and it is quite common among children. The same situation exists for sex and sexual disease and this is seen from the total abuse statistics. There are a number of figures that show the young being involved in crime forthwith while this was not the situation even in 1959 as the figures for crime by people under the age of 18 shows.Thus it is clear that television is making the concept of childhood as being different from adulthood being different extremely difficult to sustain in North America, and childhood is disappearing from that region of the world. At the same time, there some parents who are well off and if they know what is happening to the child may still provide him or her with a childhood. This requires the parents to be real cathexisful on the influences of the media on the child, among other factors. The problem is that not umteen parents can meet those conditions, and the influence of television among media is still rising.As mentioned ahead, there are many single parent houses in America and their difficulties have already been discussed. Even when there are two parents, both of them are working at the same time and that stops them from being able to give enough time to the children for socializing. This transfers the socializing exercise to the television set, and many of them are unable to control the channels that the children see or what films they see, or even know what records they have. These activities require the parents to have a lot of time for the child, and advise the child. Yet not many parents find the time for that.Thus for the children to have a childhood, the parents must spend a lot of time with the child. On the other hand many parents are too crabbed and there children get the required education from the advertising of NBC, CBS, Steven Spielberg, Coca-Cola and Proctor and Gamble. In certain countries television is being controlled Denmark. They have now limited the extent of commercials that an advertiser support station can have. These stations are not permitted to have advertisements on cigarettes, liquor, beer, banks, medicine, religious organizations, political organizations, or even advertisements aimed at children.Also, in Denmark, the television operates for the full 24 hours in a day. But, it is not possible for this to happen in the United States as the Americans would feel it is very restrictive, a quit from the ideology of the present day judicature. The present day administration may even be called the extreme type of free securities industry supporters. This has not started today and even Ronald Reagan was not conservative, and he was probably as oriented to the free market as is the present President Bush. They are all willing to get as some(prenominal) out of technology as possible in terms of add-ons of dollars.Thus there is no chance of any restriction being put on the hours of movement of the Television through any social policy. This attitude goes on in Americans well beyond the limits of television and is being applied by them even in the case of computer technology. The issue is not of one fragmentizeicular technology, but the general question of using technology for financial gain to extreme limits, or no limits. (Stirring Up Trouble about Technology, Language, and Education) It can be say that in the exploitation of technology, there are no limits in America and they generally do not have any concerns about the psychological and social effects.They are just interested in knowing what the new technology can do. They are not concern about the effects of the new technology in changing the social or cultural b ehaviors of the citizens. This is reflected in Sesame Street which makes the children get more attached to television than school. The concerned program is well prepared and makes the maximum possible use of a visual image based medium. When the makers of the program say that the program will make the children like school it is only right in the sense that the children will like school if it is a show like Sesame Street.The show is probably helping the children select the elements that are taught in school like the garner and the numbers, yet at the same time, it is also giving the children some built in impressions about school. This is teaching the children that school must be entertaining, and that images have to form the staple fibre of run acrossing. It also gives the children that feeling that learning is immediately rewarded by getting of rewards in some form or the other. The impressions which are built into the children turn out to be more important than the learning th at they get, and that is the problem.The children learn the numbers and letters in other forms also, and that also happens within the expected time, but the normal learning process does not build in these difficulties. It is often said that these methods of education make the children more intelligent, but that is a moot question to answer as the differences in intelligence are hard to cook and their benefits are also hard to judge. The question of intelligence is easy to be used, as nobody probably understands what we are trying to say, but it is much easier to understand when we say that a person is stupid.It is possible that the technology available in the computer will help the technology of printing to a large extent, and that would be a service. It also increases the thinking by the children as to program a computer the child has to think quite a lot. Yet the total effect that this would cause is rather difficult to guess. (Stirring Up Trouble about Technology, Language, and Education) Technological ontogeny has had a very bounteous impact and much more so when the development has been on the matters of information and communication.They have great impacts in terms of socialization, ways of thinking and methods of learning. A lot of these changes have taken place in the latter part of the 20th century and this brings up the question of defining the new boor of the Information be on. Some people may be defining all the children of today as Children of the Information Generation with television, computer games and video games. This had also been the thinking of Neil Postman, and he believed that this made the child cross puberty physically but never reach maturity.Thus they loose their childhood but are then are lost to mankind. The phrase technology development normally refers to the development of tools and these are being developed from the time that men have started on the path to development. (Children of the Information Age A replacement of Rol es) Until the seventeenth century, tools of a more primitive kind were being used by all nicetys. Not that all countries were using the same tools and some had only spears and cooking utensils available to them. On the other side, others had water mills, burn and horse power.At the same time, these tools were not intended to change the civilization which had brought them into existence, and they were not intended to attack. Thus the tools did not stop people from accept in their versions of god, politics, and methods of education or their methods of social organization. (Kaplan, 34) Some cultures and religions believe that television is intruding into their religion and the use of television is banned by some sections of believers in Islam in some parts of the world. In the world of today, children and adults see the same movies thanks to television and highlighted by Postman.They all get into surround romances get informed about the same pop music and the same computer games. T hese come through both the television and the computer. This results in the adults never growing up and becoming more childish as time goes on. The children become more mature as they are exposed to all matters of adulthood, or at least seem so. This adulthood is only skin-deep and not emotional, as the amount of information to be passed on to the child should be passed on in a controlled manner by the concerned adult, as otherwise, the concept of being a child will end.This gradually stops the clear line of demarcation between adults and children, and the sense of independency and responsibility also becomes unclear. This is highlighted by Postman who describes the present day children as living between illusion and realty. This has also made the adults loose most of their authority, and it is a world without borders. (Children of the Information Age A Reversal of Roles) In truth these makes them totally dependent for all the time, and never grow up into adults.Yet the children of the present day differ a lot from the children of earlier years and they consist of a larger section of the people who come to the net on a regular basis. This is quite understandable as the net is a part of their life which has never been the case with their parents. In studies it has been seen that as much as 73% of the American population between the ages of 12-17 use the Internet regularly and the study was in June 2001. These children also certainly have a care in the world for the world that they live in.One of their main contributions is through the creation of web sites for helping others. Jason Fernandez from Mumbai had built a site which supported children with learning disabilities along with their parents and teachers. This is a site for common good. The new forwardness of Internet has made it possible for everybody to publish his or her work. This is irrespective of age, gender, or education. The control is not with groups of people that existed in earlier generations where the work could only go out in the printed format.This change will also bring in other changes in the methods of learning, working and social structure. (Children of the Information Age A Reversal of Roles) Postman had been concerned that the importance of all items was being reduced by television be it politics, religion, news, athletic education or commerce. This was how we were amusing ourselves to death. It also showed that image was viewed as more important than content, and television was the master of images. (Neil Postmans amusing ourselves to Death) If Postman were to now concentrate on the newer developments he would write on the Internet.To be negative, the Internet contains a lot of insincere information, and this would hurt the beliefs of a normal human being. But this is also something that we learn while growing up into adults from childhood, and is not necessarily negative. (Final Project subject Amusing Ourselves to Death by Neil Postman) To conclude, one c an thus say that while television makes the listening less responsible and childish, the Internet makes the audience more apparently mature. It is up to the audience to carry the work further, and not live for their own life, abandoning the responsibility of the children that they created.