Mount Everest and Peak Climb Mt

The countersign I chose for my independent interlingual rendition project was efflorescence by Roland Smith. My favorite character in this book is placard Marcello. tip is my favorite character because he is smart, caring, and brave. I nookiet recall that he climbed a skyscraper I wish that I had the climbing skills that he has. It seems give care Peak has been climbing his whole life, in all probability because his bring, Josh Wood, is a professional climber and he taught him how to climb. Since Peaks mother, Teri Marcello, fell of a 30 ft. wall when she was free-climbing and broke her back and tattered her hip, I agree with her that climbing is very dangerous.I think the relationship between Peak and his father is interesting because Peaks father hasnt been around much in his life, hardly when Peak got in ail he was there. I also think that the relationship is interesting because Peak doesnt call his father dad, he calls him by his first name. Because Peak got in a lot of trouble and had to leave the U. S. and have it off with his father in Thailand, I felt sad when Peaks ii younger twin sisters started to cry because they knew that they wouldnt be seeing their role poser for a long time.I think that Josh only let Peak live with him because he was 14, and if he reached the summit of Mt. Everest before his next birthday, he would be the youngest person to ever climb it. I want to hunch more about Zopa, the man who is helping Peak climb Mt. Everest. I agnize that he was a Sherpa, which are mountain people who live on the slopes of the Himalayas. He is also a Buddhist monk but has gotten permission to put aside his vows for a couple of weeks to help Peak.I deal the way that the author wrote the book because it is very easy to understand what is issue on. If I were Peak right now I would be so confused because so much is happening in such a small amount of time, and Id be scared because I am afraid of heights and I dont know if I would want to climb Mt. Everest. I cant believe that Peak is so calm during this time and isnt freaking out like I would be. I predict in the future that Peak provide have a closer relationship with his dad and will be the youngest person to climb Mt. Everest.

The Boy Who Saves Baseball

Although this clarified town Is love by many, Tolland has really g one and only(a) follow up and a lot f the towns leaders want to exchange Dilatation land to developers who say they leave alone turn the run down community into bare-ass homes, stores, and bigger and repair things. Although most of the land has already been sold, mercantilism Alternative, a huge baseball fan, hasnt agreed to sell his land. This land happens to be where the baseball park sits. after being cornered by the mayor who begs him to sell the property and the diachronic group who begs him to not sell the land, Doc decides that he will funding the field If the Wildcats arsehole beat their equalise team.If the Wildcats lose, he will sell the land to the developers who will tear up the field to shit new buildings. The Wildcats are scared of losing the challenge. The main reason they are worried is that they cannot hitting or catch and the game is only five days away. Dante Del Goat, a former player o f the San Diego Padres, decides to coach the team. At the first practice a 12 year old kid named Cruz De la Cruz walks up. No one knows him, but Cruz quickly makes friends with the team.He can hit all ball that comes his ay and can catch every ball that Is hit or thrown to him. more than Importantly, he helps build the teams confidence, courage, and a new found love for the game. afterwards a week of hard and unusual training, the team is feeling skinny about the big game, but Cruz De la Cruz disappears. The team quickly realizes that it is up to them to win the game. Worst yet, with Cruz gone, Tom has to play. He is the worst player and as if things couldnt get worse, he has to pitch because Maria, the main pitcher has been Injured.After a persistent and hard game, the Wildcats manage to win, but their excitement was overcome by regret when they found out that Doc Alternative has had a heart labialise and died. The team, especially Tom thinks that the field will surely not b e saved no matter what. In the end, Tom finds out that Doc wanted him to inherit his estate when he died. The baseball field is serious now because of the win and the generosity of Doc Alternative. The Boy Who Saves Baseball By Sharron The Boy Who Saved Baseball begins by introducing its readers to a fun lovingAlthough this small town is loved by many, Dilatation has really gone down and a lot baseball fan, hasnt agreed to sell his land. This land happens to be where the he will keep the field if the Wildcats can beat their rival team. If the Wildcats lose, he will sell the land to the developers who will tear up the field to build new buildings. Way and can catch every ball that is hit or thrown to him. More importantly, he helps build the teams confidence, courage, and a new found love for the game. Has been injured.

Analyse the opening scenes of the film “Meet Joe Black” and discuss how death has been presented in the film

Imagine if the harsh harvester appe argond personally to help dying flock settle the little en sizeable of life that need to be handled earlier dying. In Meet Joe menacing, a single adult male, who can imbibe any bodily sympathisey, represents death. Rather than take life forth for sport, he delights in the experiences that can be divided by those short on time but long on experience. Played by Brad Pitt, Joe Black. He enters into the lives of one family in a way that will change them forever. Anthony Hopkins plays a wealthy dying earthhood of whom Joe Black wishes to deduct and learn from.Black takes the body of a man who moments earlier had met, the daughter of non-whites next victim. Black grows closer to her and subsequently learns nearly(predicate) the little things in life that world an archetypical grim harvester would not normally be associated with Black.A compassionate grim reaper is the essence of the motion- ensure study Meet Joe Black, the personific ation of death deprivation to learn from lifeAnalysisDeath has been presented in the form of a person. When we actualise Joe at the caf and and so afterwards as death, they atomic number 18 cardinal contrastive souls. When we see Joe at the caf, he is talk of the t aver, and doing the right things. He is talking more or less life and he have it aways what to do, as well as sharp what to say. Where as Joe, (Spirit), walks incredibly strangely and at first he in reality doesnt hunch all everywhere what to do and say, after a while he gets utilise to things. He eats peanut butter as if he hasnt eaten it before (which he hasnt.) Americans love peanut butter, and it is quite strange to former(a) people that he hasnt tried it before.The title of the germinate Meet Joe Black introduces us to more or lessone. It bets welcoming. Joe is such(prenominal) a standard name,Allison say,Joe was a nice name, and that it is strong and sturdy.Black as in Joe Black seems real deep. The colour it self is equivalents something hidden. It symbolises something unpleasant. When I think of death, black normally comes to mind. Even to funerals black clothes ar donned. It isnt a blessed colour, so to funerals, people wear black to symbolise grief and sorrow. Its a painful colour, and to me, I think that is what black symbolises. It has hidden depths, and is precise deep. on that bakshish is a mixture of genres in this characterisation. The different types of genres argon trifle and suspense.The romance scenes are between Joe and Susan. They fall in love. When Joe and Susan are talking, or whenever they are together, we can see that the camera angles are mid-shot so we can see at that place shoulders and above.Suspense is created when Joe dies in the car accident.Joe acts strangely and differently. It whitethorn seem strange to Susan who doesnt hold out that Black Is death.The genre of this film in my feel is rattling mixed. It has romance, and it too has s uspense.Once you figure out the film, and begin to know what its all about you will in spades enjoy following it.At the opening of the film, when greenback Is having a heart attack, the scene seems scarey, and for a moment, I thought Meet Joe Black was a horror film.Susan senses that there is something different with the Joes that she meets. She obviously ignores it, and thinks that its nothing. The reason wherefore I think this is because at the precise suppress of the film, when Joe comes back to life she senses that there is something different because she looks at him in a strange way, she seemed quite conf utilise. It is almost as if she was staring at him.When Black (death) comes for supper at tones house and meets appoint for the first time, Black then meets Susan. tho its the second time that Susan meets Black. Susan doesnt know that the two Joes that she has met, are both totally different people. Black talks differently. This has a small re ancestry on Susan. I know this because when Susan confronted Black after the meal she said something along the lines of,Why are you acting differently now?At this moment .I got the idea that Susan may suspect something of Black, and knows that there is something different in him from the first time she had met him.People go to the cinema to relax, to get away from the house, to nurse some fun, and to be entertained. The sound, the big screen and the environment is more than more pleasant than watching it at home. An excellent way of advertizement is a trailer of the film on the telly. The media also helps by publicising about the film on the television. Like premieres and reviews of the film.Death is symbolised as a person in this film. It begins from the point when Joe gets knocked over by two cars. The film continues and shows how Joe adapts to life, especially the different expressions in words, which he uses after a while. Its like being born again, because at first he doesnt know more words. merely in Blacks case he wasnt in reality born, well not on this planet.In the beginning Black also walks strangely, soon he gets into the track of things. His vocabulary also changes, when at the beginning he always apply to say, yes frequently, but soon uses full sentences. Black also gets used to the milieu for the short while he is with bloom, and day-by-day he learns and experiences new issues. During the course of the film Black falls in love with Susan, and so does Susan, who also feels the analogous way for Black.Susan and Joe kiss and also have sex in this film. It is very intimate and after sleeping together I feel that that they are inseparable, they are like one person, they really love each other a lot. At the end of the film, Black and Susan have a very heartbreaking and heartfelt goodbye.Events start occurring after Joe dies in the beginning of the movie. So Black then comes along in the film in the form of Joe. Death tells news report that he is button to di e. Bill makes a compromise with death. The compromise is that, death allows Bill to rebriny alive for a few days in order that Bill gives Black a sampling station of life on earth for a few days. Now Bill is on borrowed time to put his business in order.The characters in the film have all got something In common.In a way, all the characters have no sense of direction.The reason for this is because, at times, the characters do not know where they are going or blush what they are going to do.Black is new to the craze of life on earth, and he doesnt know where things are going and leading too. This is the point for almost all of the characters in the film. They dont know whats going to happen next, and what lies ahead.It is a little like real life, you never know what is going to happen.The music used in the film is same all the way through. Instruments used are, violins and mainly piano. There is a scary feel to the music. When Bill is having a heart attack at the beginning of the film thats when the scary feel to the music is at an extreme, and sudden point with the music being very tense. At times there was silences, during the film.The dressing of Meet Joe Black has some(prenominal) things to consider.The lighting is on Joe. The colours used on the process are blue and blacks. The lighting hits on the ternion key characters on the cover. The beaming light decreases slightly as you cause on further from Joe (Black) who is contend by Brad Pitt. Next are Bill and Susan. Thats the lighting and it decreases in time as you go over in the row, the lighting shows that Joe/Black is the main character.The positions of the characters, on the front cover are that Joe (Black) is in the front which makes us believe he is the main character and has the lead role, which should really mean that the play i.e. film is establish around him.William parish is behind Joe, in formatting (Position) of the characters on the front cover. Bill is expression at Joe, while Joe i s looking straight ahead into the distance. As Bill is behind Joe it shows that Bill is lower than Joe in status, behind Bill is Susan. Susan is Bills daughter. Susan is also looking at Joe, which leads us to think that everything revolves around Joe, which it does. The arrangements of the characters are in a zigzag form.The blurb on the cover is definitely useful. The title tries to welcome mantraps to read it as well as watch the film. It is similar to a piece of persuasive writing. The title gives the viewer a clue about what the film may be about. But obviously every viewer will think differently, so possibly this will carry temptation for what the film may be about and perhaps thats how you get high ratings in cinemas as well as the actors and actresses. Various things appeal to different people. The pictures also give of a certain vibe. In a way that the viewer will think whats going on here, in this part?The words have also been used in a spectacular way, the blurb and als o newspapers comments on the film reflection something along the lies ofThis is a great film, it is a must see movie.It tries to hold people to watch it. If I was in a video store looking for a video to pick out and watch, and if I had read the blurb on the cover, and had also looked at the pictures, Id definitely want to watch this film.I believe that there is life and death, and the last sentence on the blurb,Bitter sweet tale of life and death.Is very touching to me. Its also very catchy and means a lot in many different ways. I think that this film appeals to young people.The film is very romantic, I find the scene when Joe and Susan were departing from the coffee shop very overwhelming. It was a time of sorrow and shock, and not knowing whether they would get back together. set-back the two hearts meet and then depart, it was very sad. The reason why I thought it was shocking is because when Joe gets knocked over by the cars.I know that the both hearts are clenching to speak to each other and there was a sign of love as both Joe and Susan were continuously looking back at each other. Joe and Susan turned around a lot, as they departed, it showed they both liked each other very much.When Bill went into the depository library in his house and was going to meet Joe for the first time, I didnt understand because at first Bill was hearing voices and didnt know who it was until Joe came out of the curtains and maxim Bill also for the first time, and for an instance I was really staccato because Joe had said,Bill would have to give Joe a taster of lifeAnd then Bill would be able to leave his company in a sensible position. In addition to Bills business, drew is trying his best to take over the company. The company, that of which, Bill has tried to built from scratch. Death helps Bill near the end by regaining the company instead of losing it.During the course of the film Bill is going to celebrate his 65th birthday. His daughter Allison is preparing for i t by organising a birthday bash. And on Bills birthday that is the day he is going to die.Marriage and relationships in the film have been symbolised very strangely. Its not like the normal relationships you may know. Susan and pull are purposively supposed to be engaged and yet they dont show any affection, or some kind of love towards each other, like most couples. You cant tell that they are engaged. In feature I didnt in time knew that they were engaged, until my teacher actually told me, it took me by surprise. I really couldnt believe it. The fact that these two people who are supposed to spend the rest of their lives together, arent even in love. It is supposed to be special. You really should get married in one case in youre in life. Its supposed to be special. (Like a once in a lifetime opportunity). Which it isnt for themIt seems as though there is no love. For example, Drew comes in from the helicopter and gives Susan a peck on the cheek. Neither did he ask if she was o k, but just carried on with things.I have compiled some information from the Brittanica cd 2000,The motion picture has been defined as a series of images of space that are arranged in time of film language is quite different from that of reality and that conveyed by other arts, such as drama and literature. Showing the spectacular 24 frames, or lifelessness photographs, with dark intervals between them, energy second produces movement on the screen.Having created large new markets for its industry they decided to do the same abroad. Their objective coincided with the trust of the major American studios to extend their control of the international nation picture industry.ConclusionDeath symbolises something very deep. Its deep emotions, as it unfolds on us in a very different way. Death comes into the characters lives, and changes everything for them (life). This play really relates to the criteria of the 21st Century. Death plays a very important part as well as death having two d ifferent parts. Death touches many lives, as he falls in love with Susan, and has a slight bond with Bill.Meet Joe Black explores the honourable and material values environ and start from the powerful William Parrish (Anthony Hopkins)Parrish succeeds in seducing more than the viewer. He attracts the personification of his own fate, which quite literally knocks on his door.Arriving in the Parrish home after securing a body to materialize its presence, this otherworldly force, Death (personified as the handsome Joe Black, played by Brad Pitt), confronts his host with demands of learning from him those universal qualities the great man projects. Ultimately, Joe meets Susan, an encounter which tempts him to deviate from his mission, and which, ironically, proves to be a much higher lesson than he had bargained for.Meet Joe Black, is a film that dwells in its own energy, the rare opulence of its sets, and the irresistible charm of its people, all which portray a degree of refinement th at pulls the viewer into a simply fantastic world.

Coach Carter Essay

Coach Carter is a pictorial matter from 2005 by Paramount pictures and it is directed by Thomas Carter. It is based on a true story, in which head basketball aim of capital of Virginia High School, California, mass Carter made the headlines in 1999 for benching 15 players of his undefeated squad due to very bad academic performance.This action is known as the lockout, scarce this action was very criticized by the Richmond High School, the players pargonnts, the city, and media commentators. batch Carter maintained that his ath permites must take their studies seriously, so they could get access to college and early(a) opportunities later on in liveliness and the communitys mental picture eventually changed when they started to encounter his reason, and after he was praised for his determined emphasis on prioritising these in effect(p) values for his players.The movie is to the highest degree(predicate) Ken Carter, a happy sporting goods store owner, who accepts the job as a basketball coach for his old high drill in the poor area of Richmond, California, where he was an elite athlete. As much dismayed by the poor attitudes of his players as well as their very bad performance on the court, Carter sets about to change both. He immediately imposes a strict regime typified in written contracts that include stipulations for respectful behavior, a dress code and good grades as requisites to being allowed to participate. The initial resistance from the boys is soon dispelled as the team up under Carters tutelage becomes a undefeated competitor in the games.However, when the overconfident teams behavior begins to stray and Carter learns that too umteen players are doing poorly in class, he takes immediate action. To the outrage of the team, the school and the community, Carter cancels all team activities and locks the court until the team shows acceptable academic improvement. In the ensuing debate, Carter fights to keep his methods, determined to show the boys that they need to rely on more than sports for their futures.You should not only see this movie because of the basketball, that is just a bonus you get, but you should see this film if you like to see films about people who make a difference. Ken Carter makes a difference to just about poorplayers without hope in their lives. The team starts out whit no hope or dream about getting in to college and the team got no unity. All these things plus many more are Ken Carter trying to change. So if you like to see youngsters with a poor life getting a new chance in life, you should differently see this movie.This movie could sound kind of boring, but it actually is not. This movie has a lot of moving moments and inspirational speeches and scenes. Is not only moving moments, on that point are also action in it, on the basketball court, but also in their life example one of the boys is a dose dealer and his uncle get shot.Timo Cruz Our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness, that most frightens us. You are playing undersize does not serve the world. There is nothing enlightened about lessen so that other people wont feel hazardous around you. We are all meant to shine as children do. Its not just in some of us it is in everyone. And as we let our own lights shine, we unconsciously give other people permission to do the same. As we are liberated from our own fear, our presence automatically liberates others.

Utopia: Not Possible

If unmatched were to ask degree Celsius different pack a subjective question, ane is likely to kindle 100 different answers. This shows that everyone is different and has a wide tend of views. conditioned this, one can assume that each one of their views on utopia mustiness be equ solelyy as varied. Therefore, achieving a vernacular utopia is safe impossible. A utopia is a perfect adorn where everyone is happy both in confederation and in oneself. Motivation an element of life that gives someone the drive to light upon a certain goal. Motivation is the adrenaline rush to life without which human existence can non progress as a civilization.It allows for the betterment of federation, thus gaining some commons land background signal between wad which although does not constitute a utopia, exit make a majority of people happy. Achieving utopia in conjunction is impossible, but by using utopia as a goal or as a motivation, society result grow into a happier and m ore Utopian like place, pull down though it can not reach genuine utopia. A society similar to a utopia is possible through the Statess motivation, and due to this, we have fruitful land, both agriculturally and socially.Ignorance, the opposite of motivation, reachs to a dystopia, a place or environment in which people ar miserable, unhappy or uncomfortable in, instead of a utopian-like society. This shows us that ignorance will not make society happy, thus deviating from the track to social favorable position the metamorphosis of society into a state of well-being. Due to each individual having unique wants and necessities, the scope of a utopian society, is broadened and stretched until it can no long- drift be perceived. This adds to the number of reasons why utopia is not possible.Motivation is quintessential to attain near utopianism a society that takes into account everybodys general view of utopia. Without motivation, society would check a dystopian lifestyle. Dre amers and visionaries alike possess the fervour needed for success. This fire is enduren to us as motivation. An essential driving force in the being of the States, motivation at its finest can be kn cause in legion(predicate) instances. David Brooks, a newly York Times writer, shows us that America is one of the hardest work countries on this planet.The average American works 350 hours a grade nearly 10 weeks more than the average Western European. (Brooks 2004). One-upping the rest of the countries, America harvests some of the hardest workers. This hard work pays off in the long run because according to Christopher Matthews, America leads the world in labor productivity. (Matthews 1). This hard work translates into societys progress through time. The American Dream is the aspiration of being able to make a successful living out of nothing.This dream prevai take in both the recent and earlier years. For example, the dispersal of America. Attr runed to the city life, A mericans everlasting(a) many of the popular cities in America, like Pittsburgh, for example. Although this is square, over time we see a dispersal. population of metropolitan Pittsburgh has declined by 8 percent since 1980 (Brooks 2004). This blowup resulted from the drive to explore and conquer. After quenching this thirst, Americans have seen that they atomic number 18 ofttimes happier in the suburbs and exurbs, shown in their productivity.These families ar happy because of their success. This success is a work out result of motivated minds, minds that surpass odds which pose as threats, minds that flux off of the burning fire which incites progress, minds that envision utopia. Minds that simply do not care and are ignorant to societal problems achieve, rather, receive dystopia as hostile to utopia. Ignorance that lack of knowledge or information. Those who are oblivious to problem resolution and desire that ignoring all that is bad are con expressionred ignorant.In A ldous Huxleys Brave refreshful World, Lenina Crowne visited a Savage Reservation, which was a place for Native Americans that were not civilized. They led normal lives, but Lenina was disgusted by it because she had no previous reasonableness of the world before their god like idol Henry crosswalk civilized the place. He implemented a factory line steering of doing things such as conceiving babies, the term parent was alien to them. She begged for her soma which was a drug that releases stress from the consumer and makes the consumer forget about all their problems.This is ironic because the accuse savages that stay on the savage reservation are not actually savage, it is in fact the civilized people of the World Sate (their home). They affirm on drugs and ignorance to be happy. A gramme is better than a damn. (Huxley 89). She explicitly shows how she would much rather take drugs than face her problems. Hiding the problems instead of work out them creates a dystopia in whi ch ignorance is key. Their soma driven society knows no problems, because perceptual constancy was given in exchange for individualism.Instead of self-understanding, the humans of the World State are organized under a caste system ranging from the Alphas (highest) to the Epsilons (lowest). They rarely know solitude, but in those rare occurrences, soma quickly fills it with dreams and ignorance. Huxley satirizes utopia as a goal that is out of ones reach by display how ignorance and fake happiness is ephemeral and does not clobber any real problems. George Orwell, a former student of Aldous Huxley and now famous writer, in the record 1984, mentions the Party slogan War is peace, Freedom is slavery, Ignorance is strength. (Huxley 26). The people of Oceania are persuade to believe that war is peace, freedom is slavery, and the most shocking, ignorance is strength. Ridiculing societys problem of blind trust, Orwell shows the reader that ignorance leads to a more Orwellian society than societal strength. There is a dearth of sleep, food, creation of ideas, procreation, and yet society ignores this and embraces to believe that there is in fact an abundance of sleep, food, et cetera.Due to the society being more dystopian, we can attribute ignorance to a major role in the creation of such a dark place. David Brooks quotes a philosopher named George Santayana Americans doesnt solve problems we just leave them behind. (Brooks 2004). Mr. Santayana is saying that Americans are ignorant and cretinous in our knowledge of the world. Not having any worldly information can lead to a withdrawal from society, removing from societys pool of ideas, knowledge, and people that thrust for near-utopianism.This leads to a lack of problem solving and degradation of a society at large. A society is composed of people, people each with their own taste and outlook on everything because according to science, no two are the same. Uniquity is prevalent which means that everyones ne eds and wants are widely dispersed. The common ground between people is limited. Bathroom tile is their cocaine instead of fresh powder, the blow their life savings on handcrafted Italian palisade back from Waterworks. (Brooks 2004).Instead of wasting money on drugs like other people, some people prefer betteringthe finer things like, in this case, bathroom tiles or Italian wall covering. This backs up the statement, to each, their own. Due to everybody wanting different things, everybodys utopia is different. So until now if one were to set everybody in motion, society would just become even more choppy and divided. Where is the utopia now? Although self transcendence the reconstruction of oneself into a higher being, is a huge part in creating utopia, this society has not progressed further than the selfish values it has already harvested within its people.To be able to implement this action into society would create a place where everyone is happy. If near-utopia was set as a common goal in society, people would come together to achieve this, creating a happy place with a lot of common ground between people. This is true in many instances, for example war and quetch. In Greensboro, North Carolina around 1939, a baby-sit strike took place. The blacks protested the segregation of color in buildings. Hundreds of other black Americans came to protest this together.The amalgamation of protesters there show that common goals lead to accumulation of support and eventual achievement. Making utopia a common goal between all will result in near success achieving something along the lines of common utopia. Reaching utopia is not pragmatic because there is a wide range of interests between humans which expands and ambiguates the concept of utopia, making it harder to reach, and also because ignorance is prevalent end-to-end society, making it more difficult to solve societal problems and attain true happiness as opposed to proxies of happiness i. e. Soma from Brave New World.A characteristic that Americans possess which may assist on the journey to bodied happiness is our niche for working hard. If instead we were to use the idea of having a place where everyone is at peace with their surroundings as a common goal throughout society, motivation would permeate and take control. It is only instinctual to act upon something one feels passionate about. If happiness is what is being offered, then I am certain that this will evoke many people to work side by side to achieve this goal. While working side by side with people passionate about the same goal as one is, one will be happy.Hungry for more happiness, the people would continue to work at the goal, even though it is impossible. This leads to an infinite cycle in which society is constantly bettering itself, creating some type of near-utopia, but no one realizes it. Lying amidst the motivated crowd is utopia, but the minute the crowd loses motivation, the utopia vanishes. So let the idea of utopia tailgate the crowd because after all, the crowd is working towards something greater societal transcendence, the evolvement of society into a common happy place, not perfection. This is the true utopia.

Four Types of Informative Speeches Essay

The last part of chapter 14 is a bit confusing as it go just abouts to categorize the different approaches to illuminating Speaking. For our purposes, we will assign Informative Speeches to the pastime four (4) types, and this is to REPLACE pages 337-344. Use these, and NOT the unrivalleds in the schoolbook, to guide you in the development of the Informative Speech.4 Types of Informative Speeches1) descriptive in the close commonplace sense, you are trying to get the audience to experience something by means of you. There are 2 approaches to do thisa) the real nomenclature- this is the description of a real, tangible, and physical that is so vivid and precise that the audience can check it in their mind. The subject could be a place, an object, a person, etc and is described so clearly that the audience can accurately visualize it. b) The mood mother tongue- this is where you attempt to convey just how a particular emotion or olfaction feels and the successful mood spee ch has the audience actu eachy experiencing that emotional state.For instance, when respond the question How does it feel when you are depressed? the speaker does not evidently list other synonymous labels for depression such as go through, bummed, low, but focuses instead upon the physiological ( weak, listless), mental (slower thinking, confusion), psychological( joyless, hating self), social( rejected, friendless) aspects. A better contemporary example is the TV ad about ADHD that likens this correspond to trying to watch TV with the channels changing every stake while showing a rapidly changing TV in the background. Mood speeches are difficult to maintain and develop as the good speech, and are used m both times as a surgical incision of a report speech on that result.2) hatch the Report speech is a vastly different speech from the mood speech in that it deals with hard facts and precise data in a very analytic way. It also can be used in a unnumber equal of ways the life cycle of a flea, a biography of a person, a report giving information about a culture, country, religion, event, medical examination condition, etc. Even topics of some controversy can be edifying in this category compare/contrast prescription & generic drugs, the licit history of Roe v. Wade, pros/cons of legalizing prostitution/pot/gambling school uniforms.The over-riding closing here is to remain fair and objective, the audience should not be able to tell what the speakers personal position on the topic happens to be. It is unethical to hide a persuasive agenda under the auspices of an Informative speech, so avoid I want to inform you wherefore prostitution should be legal and/or so you can fill that since the pros greatly outweigh the cons we should do this or to limit the discussion to precisely the pros (or cons) without fairly and honestly including the cons (or pros).3) Explanation- the speech of Explanation defines a process. This is NOT a how to speech it exp lains how and/or why some process occurs. This is very oftentimes like a tour guide at the mint give tongue to their group how coins are made. This is a more intellectual approach to a process- how diamonds are formed, how the AIDS virus invades T-helper cells, how wood becomes petrified, the water cycle, photosynthesis, how microwaves cook food, any surgical procedure, how the brain stores memories, how viruses infect computers, what makes a curveball(a) curve- the list is endless. Think of all the processes you understand, any of them have the dominance to be a good account statement speech.4) Instruction this IS the traditional How to speech, and this is where the process is actually performed, or we are taught how to do it. This has a hands-on feel to it how to write a good resume, how to pen money/gas/time, how to pack for a vacation, how to debug your computer, how to throw a curveball. Sometimes the process can easily be demonstrated in spite of appearance the time lim its of a speech other processes my take longer than the portion time. If that is the case, then have the successive steps/stages pre-done so you can expire easily form one to the next. The audience really doesnt ingest to watch you slice six carrots for a salad instead have all of them pre-sliced and just demonstrate a few cuts and then move on, nor do we contract to wait until the paint dries. Take a hint from the professionals thatdo the hobby/craft/cooking shows on TV, a bit of overcareful planning beforehand can result in a spruced up presentation of even a very complex process.These are the categories of Informative Speaking. You do not have to stay within just one type, they can be combined as you see fit. For example, in speech that is primarily Explanation, there may be a section where you need to Describe what something looks like and there may be some elements of Report if you discuss the history of it.There is an easy way to consolidate the points of the text with t hese 4 types of informative speeches. Think of the categories listed in the text as general topic areas from which an Informative Speech topic could be found. Once a topic has been selected, then its development can be guided and center by the 4 types of informative speeches. For example, one might choose to do a speech about a person (Salvador Dali) it could be Descriptive (describing his physical attributes) or a Report (a biographical speech about his life) or an Explanation (how he created his works) or even some compounding of these. The topic is, in all of these cases, a person but it has the potential for different types of development all leading to very different types of speeches. enlightening SPEAKINGTOPICTYPES ofAREASSPEECHESPeopleDescriptiveObjects realPlaces moodEventsReportProcessesExplanationConceptsInstructionConditionsIssues

Adulthood and aging

In this paper, maturity date and senescent argon sh profess from different sides first, the major values for the elderly oft(prenominal) as relationships, spirituality and note of spirit argon discussed abet, the cultural views towards ripening in the united States and Asia argon stipulation.The cultural residues in views towards elderly in Asia are shown on example of Japan, as one of the most develop and civilized countries of Asia. The importance of the subject is emphasized by the overview of recent studies on various aspects of aging published in psychological journals. The geezerhoodd macrocosm has been long in focus of different researches psychological, accessible, economic et cetera.The fact that aging population has been steadily increasing is widely recognized and proved by statistic researches. Hence, the interest towards aging and its problems.Aging takes different shapes in different countries. Therefore, umteen studies are specially interested in aging in different regions of the valet de chambre. cross-cultural aspects of aging present interest for multi bailiwick societies, such as Ameri squeeze place participation. This paper discusses many of these issues. Adulthood and AgingLater life is viewed as occurring from about succession 70 to 75 sequence and upwards further distinctions are manytimes made between the young quondam(a) and the old-old i.e., adults in the climb on menstruum of about 7084 and adults immemorial about 85 years and over. Chronological age is an classical cordial and personal marker of identity, behavior, expectations, experiences, and preferences.Adults in their s withalties, for example, a good deal score lower than their jr. counterparts on measures of invalidating relate including worry and anxiety (Gems, 2003) sometime(a) adults can also score to a greater extent than superiorly than younger adults on measures of agreeableness and consciousness (Thane, 2003).Similarly, adults in mi d- and ulterior life are much(prenominal) likely to be generative than their younger counterparts in fact although younger people can be self midget they cannot be generative as it is only with experience and time that this vital role of teaching, guiding and supporting some others can occur.Older adults are not necessarily a unique group of adults qualitatively different from other age groups this is because many of the issues a lot associated with afterwards life are issues pertinent at any age end-to-end the life-course, for example, the need to maintain a balance between autonomy and dependence, and the need for secure, warm and accepting relationships with others.Further to a greater extent than, although old age is noted as a time for increasing firinges and constraints on development, losses and challenges occur throughout the life-course and not just in subsequent life. (Thane, 2003)As social creations, most adults need to be in almost relationships with oth er people, for enjoyment, for meaning and purpose in life, and also as a direction of learning more about ourselves and the world within which we live. Warm and close relationships with other people watch also been described as being a wellnessy necessity from the cradle to the grave (Blundo R. & Deborah E. Bowen, 2005).Relationships, are real important for our health and well-being peculiarly reciprocal relationships, which also divine service a protective function such as relationships with a better half or equivalent figure. In addition, it is often within close relationships that we tin and receive support, particularly at times when the venture of threat to the tangible or representational self is high, for example when taking on impertinently projects or goals.Relationships with close others can also be a real source of pleasure, enjoyment, and meaning for adults.Most previous(a) adults need and enjoy relationships with younger generations so too do communities nee d relationships with older adults. This point is made hygienicly by Jackson J. (2002) who draws on ethnographic, cross-cultural, and anthropological data to argue that as a consequence of maturation and experience older adults sire their own unique strengths and talents that can and should be used in the social context, and particularly in helping, supporting, and teaching the next generation.Jackson takes this perspective, particularly in light of the paternal emergency (p. 825), in other words, the difficulties and problems involved in raising feelingally healthy children without the support of the extended family and friends.In later life, however, relationships with other people can be lost, constrained or the quality of relationships impaired. In later life, for example, adult children whitethorn divorce and separate so that older people may lose generative links with younger family members. Similarly, into the latter half of the life cycle adults are more likely to experi ence the loss of parents, spouses, and/or the loss of other close attachment relationships through bereavements.Also, personal operate roles that the individual had and enjoyed may no longer be salient or relevant such as when children are grown up and tolerate home. Furthermore, prone compulsory privacy, the friends and acquaintances that one had through the work role may have to be surrendered.Although adults can experience meaning(a) losses and constraints in their relationships with others, these can be a consequence of the interactions and expectations of others, rather than being native to the aging process. Society may not al ways be demonstrative of(predicate) of the needs of its older members.For example, society can impose constraints on relationships into later life in terms of expectations for relinquishing the work role or even about the aptness of certain sexual relationships.This is particularly the baptistry given the potential for ageism within which older adults can be disadvant decrepit with subsequent loss of health or even loss of life itself, for example, when older adults are denied health treatment or advise because of the negative views health professionals can have of older people.Evidence examining the ways in which older adults are viewed by society is mixed. Some researchers have show that many older people are viewed in very negative ways (Steuerle, 2001).In contrast, other researchers have found that the results of studies on attitudes to older adults are influenced by the specific attributes being assessed. Dooley E. (2003) for example asked a group of undergraduates (aged 1724) to rate their attitudes towards young, mid-life, and older adults crossways cognitive (intellectual abilities or information processing), personal-expressive (personality or interpersonal attributes), and physical attributes relating to physical health, behavior, or movement.Results indicated that attitudes towards the physical attributes of older adults were more negative by comparison with young and mid-life adults. In contrast, no profound difference was found for personal-expressive attributes, but in that location was a main onus for age on cognitive attributes.A post hoc test indicated that the attitudes of participants towards midlife adults were significantly more positive than were those for younger adults (mean 0.48) or for older adults (mean .027). Although these insights are useful, this study was carried out using undergraduate students as participants, thus making generalisability difficult. Researchers in this discipline should attempt to replicate the above study with other participant groups.Some social losses and threats that assume crises in mid- and later life (e.g., empty approach syndrome) have little empirical evidence to support them (Feldstein B. & Jeffrey B. Liebman, 2003). A secernate view is that there are challenges associated with each age period close to which adults must adapt. Thi s contrasting view does not remove the reality of social stressors, but instead, recognizes that these occur throughout the life course, and not just old age.Studies have shown that the quality of social networks of older people have many similarities to those of younger age groups, but that the number of clutchs within the networks are few for the old. Socioemotional selectivity theory (Feldstein B. & Jeffrey B. Liebman, 2003) attempts to describe the functional declines in social contact throughout adulthood.This theory describes the practical aspects of social interactions to include information acquisition, identity maintenance, and emotion regulation. The essential premise of the theory is that the relative important of those goals changes as a function of perceived time, and that these goals influence and explain declines in social contact across adulthood.When time is perceived as being largely open-ended, future-orientated goals such an information acquisition are of param ount importance. However, when time is perceived as being limited, present-orientated goals such as emotional goals, are rated as being most important. Consequently, adults into later years are seen as actively preferring certain types of social contact (e.g., emotionally satisfying contact) over others such as information gathering.There are substantial differences in adults preferences for social activities and social contacts, however, and some of these differences can be explained by gender, ethnicity, and physical health. It is well known that women typically have more social contact than do men, especially more intimate friends or confidants.Confidants are typically women, in part given the difference in mean ages between the sexes. Age differences between the sexes in western countries is around five years, but in some countries the difference is larger, such as Finland, where the difference is eight years.This means that older women often live alone, whereas older men are ma rried. It also means that women are more likely to be caregivers by comparison with their male counterparts. health is another significant factor explaining reductions in social activity in later years.The patterns of not initiating new contacts with non-familial persons is clearly visible in care for homes and other institutions. There can be a significant risk involved in contact seeking in old age conversations can become difficult for example if others have sensory difficulties, particularly hearing loss.To summarize, relationships in later years can be an impetuous source of both pleasure and distress. Relationships with others can be a significant source of enjoyment and meaning in life. Relationships with others are also all important(p) not only for the well-being of individuals but also of whole communities given that society is often dependent on the experience and expertise that older adults develop over many decades of life.However, in later life as throughout life, the relationships and social roles that adults have with others can be compromised, constrained, or even lost. These losses can arise through bereavement or because society does not always provide its older members with adequate support and resources.Understanding the ways adults evaluate and regulate changes in relationships is likely to be crucial if health professionals are to help facilitate better health and well-being for more people for longer into the latter part of the life cycle.Future research in this area should be carried out to refine and clarify the nature of relationships across adulthood, and the impact that social motives and other factors might play in influencing the quality and nature of relationships. Future research is also needed to explore and quiz the positive qualities within close family relationships, particularly between parents and their adult children, and siblings who have shared experiences over many decades of life.Japan is much more densely popul ate than the United States but not much more so than enormous Britain. Japan is clearly one of the most industrialize nations in the world with a higher proportion of its gross national product from manufacturing than the United States, Great Britain, or Denmark.Its total gross national product is second only to the United States its per capita income, however, is lower than the three comparison countries. It has a higher rate of natural increase and a lower circumstances aged 65 and over than the comparison countries, but recent decreases in abide and death rates are expected to rapidly increase the percentage aged 65 and over. (Bernier, 2003)The Japanese are relatively homogeneous racially and ethnically which may facilitate the desegregation of the aged. Some social-psychological traits relevant to this compend are strong national pride, concern with politeness and deference toward superiors, a dominant aesthetic sense, and a more casual attitude toward time.Transportation is less of a problem for the aged in Japan because of the many vicinity shops and the elaborate system of public transportation.The tradition of respect for the aged has strong roots both in the vertical social system and in the unconditional duty of filial piety, which derives from the fundamental Japanese religion, ancestor worship.Thus, the environmental science and economic system of Japan are similar to that of western industrialized nations, but her social system and culture have distinctive elements that have helped maintain the relatively high status and integration of older Japanese.The health status of Japanese elders has been improving with better nutrition, sanitation, and medical care so that they are now about as healthy as the aged in other modern countries.The Japanese elders are much more integrated in their families as shown by their living arrangements and functions in the household. Furthermore, there has been little decline in proportions living with their chi ldren so that over two-thirds allow for probably continue to live with their children during the foreseeable future.The employment status of the elders is much higher than in other industrialized countries over half the older men continue to be employed. Most of those who stop work, do so for voluntary and health reasons rather than being forced to stop by compulsory retirement or other discrimination against the aged.The trends indicate little decline in employment status. Those who are not employed do tend to have relatively low independent incomes, but pensions and retirement benefits are rapidly improving, and the system of family support usually assures at least(prenominal) the minimum necessities of life. (Katsumata, 2001)The main explanation for their relatively high status and integration is the tradition of respect for elders that has its roots in the vertical society and in religious doctrines of filial piety.Respect and affection for the elders are shown on a periodica l basis by honorific language bowing priority for the elders in seating, serving, bathing, and going through doors. It is also reflected in popular sayings, special celebrations of the sixty-first birthday, the national observance of Respect for Elders Day, and the National Law for Wel furthermoste of the Aged.We therefore conclude that the theory of marked decline in the status of the aged as a necessary result of industrialization is false. On the contrary, Japan shows that a tradition of respect for the aged can maintain their relatively high status and integration despite industrialization.In Western countries, including the USA, the attitude towards elderly is far less respectful and the connection with younger generations is often lost. However, high income, pensions and a highly developed social care system help American elderly to live their later life with comfort. Japanese elderly often depend on their younger generation in economic terms. The determination we make is tha t both financial matters and social relationship factors are important for aging people.

Brl Hardy Driving Forces to Become a Global Company

What are the brainish forces behind BRL portly to sprain a global company? A Global company is an organization that attempts to standardize and integrate operations pla sack upary in all intentional areas. In general, there are ninefold Globalization forces some of them are * Industrial get access to a bigger market to sell the product. * Financial by emerging worldwide, it is easier to resume money * Political forces the raising globalization goes along with the decrease of the sizeableness of the state.Companies can set up their headquarter in different countries, in function of the legislation in those countries. * Technological forces the new discoveries and the fast evolving technology eases the conference and makes it easier to collect information about foreign/other goods. * Market when companies globalize, they too change by reversal global customers. * Cost By becoming global, companies can turn a profit from economies of scale. The company can also locate labo r in countries where production costs are lower. In early times, the wine industry was very(prenominal) little.There were little village labels and the grapes grew on tiny vineyards. Those factors made the wine industry very agricultural i. e. the harvest was very vulnerable to prevail and diseases. On the other side, the wine business had very few multinational companies and therefore very few true global brands. This made BRL Hardy think about expanding its business to multiple locations over the world and become one of the worlds branch global wine companies. The first company on the market has a big chance to become one of the biggest companies in his sector.By breaking the habit of growing and change only its own wine, Hardy was able to build the scale infallible for creating strong brands and negotiating with retail stores. In 1882, BRLH won his first international gilt medal at Bordeaux. Winning a price creates a authentic reputation, which makes it more likely that the wine will sell if the company becomes a global company. Also, the company was Australias largest winemaker, and one of the most respected. Next to this, Australian wine was becoming a trend, and the demand from new customers in nontraditional markets grew rapidly.All this were driving forces to become a global company. Sources http//www. slideshare. net/gugaslide/global-business-presentation http//www. slideshare. net/RealRedOne/harvard-business-school-brl-hardy-globalizing-an-australian-wine-company http//www. businessschoolnetherlands. com/files/bsn-article_marius-leibold_business-model-innovation_1. pdf http//www. andidas. com/academic/lse_coursework/MN498%20-%20Tesco%20Internationalisation_by_andidas. pdf http//scholar. sun. ac. za/bitstream/handle/10019. 1/3328/Ewouba-Biteghe,%20BS. pdf? sequence=1 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Globalization

Absalom Absalom and Love Essay

Many of the novels we surrender read this semester contain prevailing themes that provide insight into American society. unitary of these themes that we have closely examined throughout the semester is a psyches proper to delight in. Love is undoubtedly a sizeable force in unmatchables life. As we have seen through our readings, how perpetually, this force is often forest every last(predicate) by the regard to conform to kind standards. Whether or not a couple is ALLOWED to be in love says a lot round what is socially acceptable for that particular area and time period.Although love is technically a right given to all, American Literature shows how it is often denied by social standards and therefore ceases to exist. William Faulkners Absalom, Absalom tells Rosa Coldfields version of how doubting Thomas Sutpen was the demise of her and her family. As the story progresses, it constructs known that Thomass son, Henry, kills Charles Bon to prohibit him from marrying his sis ter, Judith.One would infer that Henrys reason for his desperate need to prevent their marriage was because Charles was their half-brother, and therefore their marriage would be considered incest. We come to dress out, however, that this is not exactly the case. In Chapter 8, in response to whether or not Judith build out marry Bon she says Yes. I have decided. Brother or not, I have decided. I will. I will (283). As the chapter progresses, however, Quentin and Shreve accept that its the miscegenation, not the incest, which (they) cant bear (285).In this case, two socially unaccepted taboos prevent Judith from pursuing her relationship with Bon. The fact that it is worse in the eyes of her family that Judith may be marrying a hu gayity with black personal line of credit than a man who is her relative, however, says a lot about how strong racial prejudices were in the south during the 1800s.Judiths right to love Bon is forcefully stymy by social norms, and is a perfect example of Southern finish during that time period. Another instance of love being obstructed by social standards is seen in F.Scott Fitzgeralds Great Gatsby. Jay Gatsby, a resident of western hemisphere Egg and a symbol of new wealth, falls in love with Daisy, a resident of East Egg and a symbol of open wealth.Daisy and her husband, turkey cock, are described to have lived in a rather deluxe secret society (17) to which members of old silver had often tried and failed to become a part of. Throughout the novel, it is clear that Daisy had married Tom for his person and his position (151) rather than for love.Yet when Daisy finally accepts that she had never loved Tom and was currently in love with Gatsby, the class divides remain too customary for her to pursue a relationship with Gatsby. Tom quotes Nowadays people stupefy by sneering at family life and family institutions, and next theyll throw everything overboard and have intermarriage in the midst of black and white (130). Fro m this quote and the happenings throughout the novel, the force obstructing the relationship between Gatsby and Daisy is the social condemnation of new mvirtuosoy marrying old money.The Great Gatsby shows how in our society, is often difficult for people of distinct economic backgrounds to pursue a relationship. T. S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is an inquiry of a typical mans psychological struggle to declaim himself emotionally and conform to social standards. Throughout the poem, the narrator shows insecurity in almost everything he does, fearing that his moves will be frowned upon.He says There will be time, there will be time to prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet and often asks Do I hold? and thinks about what they will say. His insecurity prevails in an encounter with what seems to be a woman he loves. He seems afraid that the woman will disown him because of his balding hair and thin composure, and thinks about what he should say in order to i mpress the woman And how should I then presume? How should I begin? In the end the narrator concludes that It is impossible to say moreover what I mean, and he drifts into a fairytale by the sea until compassionate voice wake us, and we drown. Eliots poem is an example of a mans love for a woman being obstructed by his own need to conform to what is socially acceptable of a man. He refuses to open up and share with the woman his feelings in fear that he will be mocked and denied. The Love Song of Alfred Prufrock shows the struggles of maintaining masculinity, and the fear a man has of loosing his composure. While the last stories had similar circumstances and outcomes, love doesnt perpetually have to be between a man and a woman, and social norms arent always successful at obstructing loves powerful force.In Mark Twains huckabackleberry Finn, the love shared between huckaback and Jim leads to a powerful revelation in Hucks life and a groundbreaking relationship considering the Souths invasive social standards. When Huck begins his journey with Jim, he is overcome by an instilled sin for assisting in the run away of Miss Watsons slave. Huck says It would strike all around, Huck Finn helped a nigger get to his freedom and if I was to ever see anybody from that town again, Id be ready to get down and lick his boots for shame (226).As their adventure progresses, however, Huck begins to suck up how much he enjoys Jims company, slave or not nevertheless somehow I couldnt seem to strike no places to moderate me against him, just the other kind (227). Huck struggles internally with this realization, but cannot get over the feeling in his heart telling him to keep Jim around. Finally, Huck decides that he would not turn in Jim, and that he would go to blazing if that were what it meant.In this instance, Huck valiantly goes against what is socially acceptable, and the force of love prevails. Huck and Jim remain friends even though it is extremely frowned upon. Although love is a freedom, one can see how easily and often this freedom is taken away due to what is acceptable in the eyes of others. The circumstances involved in the obstruction of love shows a lot about the society in which these characters live, and the values held by the people who lived there.

Cultural studies of Organization communication Essay

According to Saran and Kalliny (2009), there atomic number 18 m both a(prenominal) theories which explain the organisational conduct relative to win overs in the coordinates. Saran and Kalliny (2009, para. 4) continue to explain that there argon m any variables potentially affecting the instruction execution surgical procedure including corporate culture issues, such as formalization, decentralization, functional several(predicate)iation, leaders, job rapture and job involvement and scheme of rulesal dynamic issues, such as resources and communication. The review of literature somewhat this take foc examples on these key aras by providing historical and contemporary issues that take away been captured inwardly the scope of this research. Communication is one of the most essential things that an organic law requires to expand in any market especially during turbulent blood line environments. Dubrin (1997) was of the imprint that communication is a very authoritati ve aspect that unites all systems of the brass instrument. Managers overstep most of their time communicating with unlike stakeholders to get to an good fertilize of activities.Knowlight-emitting diodege care is very vital to managers since the efficient mathematical process of any composition depends on how information is managed. The long term selection of any organization depends on the ability to manage information and friendship for the efficient communication. People exchange, demonstrate and role information through the system of knowledge oversight (Bakan et al, n. d. ). organisational structure defines the various divisions at bottom an organization and establishes a system of coordinating the various resources for the achievement of the goals and objectives.Decision making operate follows the structure of the organization to cover all responsible individuals make the allow for finales. The managers establish a system of collecting information and ideas from all stakeholders during the process of decision making to find out all parties ar included in the decisions of the organization. All the forces to the organization mustiness be considered during the decision making process, that is, environmental forces, technological forces and the strategies being embellished by the organization.The restructuring process must ensure that the managers create systems which make maximum use of the resources available to the organization. The definition of tasks, allocation of different resources and the arrangement of resources as healthful as tasks should see to it the structure, goals and objectives of the organization. organisational structure provides the systems to be followed during division of labor, when delegating authority and responsibilities, when establishing units of command, and the span of control. The structure of the organization defines the strategies to be adopted when delegating authority and responsibilities (Porter, 1985).The use of engineering is encouraged in developing organisational structures which fit in the needs of an organization. The use of information communication technology has increased as the need for ability in both private and public corporations intensifies. Technology helps state key virtually the use of better knowledge about improving their systems. penny-pinching governance in organization requires the establishment of a clear organizational hierarchy to define the roles of each individual involved in the activities of the organization (Wade, 2002).The use of technology has been encouraged by many organizations to mark the living structures to fit newly strategies that atomic number 18 required for purifyd performance. When new technologies are adopted, the management must introduce other structures to ensure their implementation takes rove efficiently. The quite a little working in an organization need to be meliorate and persuaded about the new technolog ies being adopted by the organization to ensure they utilize them for the benefits of all stakeholders (Evan & Black, 1967).The technology must be relevant to the goals and objectives of the organization. The organizational factors must be well studied and analyzed to introduce a better system which is in line with all systems of the organization. Increase in technological innovation has attracted much attention especially due to the creative activity of scarce resources within the organization. Managers reshuffle the workers in their organization as well as creating other structures to ensure the organization adopts the new technologies being introduced (Rogers, 1995).Saran and Kalliny (2009) are of the opinion that implementing new technologies is complex and involves uncertainty. The uncertainty brings about conflicts between different stakeholders of the organization due to the new structures introduced. The uncertainty may create ohmic unsusceptibility from the people involv ed in the activities of the organization. The management must conduct becoming research about the best strategies to implement the technologies to ensure minimum resistance emanates from the individuals working in the organization (Rogers, 1995).However, Gill (2003, pg. 316) identified that many organizations do non conduct adequate research before implementing their new technologies and this has led to low success rate, given the importance of the same in a very dynamic and ever changing business environment, where customers not simply demand new convergences and services but also newness in the product offering. Implementing new technologies requires introducing changes within the structure of the organization and behavior change is essential to ensure all stakeholders readily absorb the new ideas.Behavior change is difficult where there is uncertainty about the technologies to be adopted. This may handicap implementation of the innovations. Organizations take a longer pe riod to lodge to new changes compared to individuals. Fariborz (1991) suggested that the revolution in technology being observed today requires organizations to desegregate the variables of the organization with implementation strategies. He continued to explain that technologies are the master(prenominal) vehicles of change and that individual, organizational and environmental factors affect the implementation of many technologies and innovations.accept change is the basis of introducing new technologies within the organization (Saran & Kalliny, 2009). For an organization to adapt to new technologies there is need to link the organization to the appropriate technologies which match the structures within the system. The innovations and technologies adapt to the organizational and industrial structures with time and the management must be patient enough to allow the new systems become integrated into the processes of the organization (Van De Ven, 1986).There is a learning process involved in the borrowing of new strategies. The old systems must be done out with to ensure the people do not revert to them. The culture of the organization should be adjusted to accommodate the new changes. Changing the culture requires changing the attitudes and values of the people involved in the activities of the organization. Changing the culture is not an easy thing and many people will become argue to these strategies since there are gains and losses to many people when new systems are introduced.The culture of an organization defines the values, norms, and attitudes that people generate. The management must create structures which match the culture of the organization. The culture determines the best strategies to be adopted by the people working in an organization. The managers have a responsibility to establish a culture which suits the needs of the workers and other stakeholders of the organization (Bridges, 1991). The implementation of innovations and technologies requires a process to ensure all the stakeholders respond to the new systems successfully.The process starts from acquiring knowledge about the new systems, forming attitude about it, adopting or rejecting the new decisions, implementing and confirmation. Until the decisions are implemented, all activities prior to this involve mental processes. The installation of the ideas into real sustainable process is the final stage which determines the success of the management to implement its strategies (Pierce and Delbecq, 1977). corporal restructuring allows the managers bring changes within the organization to accommodate new and better structures which modify the performance of an organization.The need to orbiculateize domestic markets has forced many organizations to adopt better structures to create new market opportunities, overcome threats from organizations and diffuse models of business that relate to globalization. To improve the costs and revenue structures of the organizat ion, managers have developed mix of objectives to ensure all aspects of management are captured (Jones, 2002). Formalization within the organizational structure provides the procedures to be observed when conducting the various activities by the individuals working in the organization.Organizational hierarchy describes the jobs and the amount of freedom provided to the stakeholders of the organization (Cohn & Turyn, 1980). For the effective acceptation and implementation of new technologies, the formal structures must be followed when performing duties within the organization. All systems of the organization should be right coordinated to ensure the implementation of the new ideas is successful (Kim, 1980). Formal procedures are introduced within the organization to deoxidize stress which may originate from confusion that occurs when systems are not properly coordinated.Formal structures provide the lower level employees of the organization with equal opportunities to distract discretion in the allocation of duties and rewards. The planning process requires the management to create a properly coordinated system that will bring about successful implementation of new technologies (Zaltman, Dun digest & Holbek, 1973). The use of communication is expressed in the organizational hierarchy where formal communication procedures are established. All people must adhere to the communication structures that the management has established for effective operation of activities.The organizational chart provides the flow of authority, information and other resources. The managers restructure the organizational structure as need arises and provide new roles to different individuals. Restructuring the organization requires creating a proper system so that all individuals can adjust accordingly (Bakan et al n. d. Porter, 1985). The global recession that affected all global economies in the world forced many organizations to adopt new strategies to improve their performanc e as well as ensure the corporate survival in the global markets.Many organizations have restructured their systems to adapt to the new changes brought about by the effects of the recession. To reduce the increasing costs of production, managers are adopting a downsizing strategy (Harman, 2009). The decrement in sales volume in the global markets provides managers with the decision to create better systems and structures which improve the image of the organization in the global markets (Dewar and Dutton, 1986). Hitt et al (1994) established that over the last dickens decades, many organizations have carried out extensive re-structuring process to cope with the changing global markets.The media and communications industry has been characterized by increasing competition in both local and global markets. Organizations need to restructure their activities to accommodate the changes in the global markets. Gregory (1999) provides that corporate downsizing has been implemented by a exp ectant number of American firms in an effort to become more flexile and responsive to increased competition. The strategy to down size many organizations have not been responsive to the strategy of reducing the costs of production. The impacts of downsizing upon the employees of these companies have been worse.Cases of stress among the remaining employees have been reported by organizations which have utilize downsizing as a strategy to restructure their systems. Other damaging impacts related to downsizing are reduction in career opportunities and reduction in the loyalty to the company by the employees. The loss of very great employees is another risk associated with downsizing organizations (Hitt et al 1994). Decentralization of authority is an important aspect when implementing better hierarchies which ensure the organization is successful in its efforts to create a better structure.Decentralization allows all members of the organization to participate in the decision makin g process. Employees are able to translate the decisions make by their managers into specific plans of actions. For effective communication, the management should introduce a decentralized system to ensure all members of the organization contribute towards the activities of the organization. Decentralization ensures that all decisions are implemented successfully by establishing different work centers where different individuals can contribute their ideas.Workers are ready to own decisions when they participate in the decision making as well as implementation process (Jones and Jennifer, 2003). puritanical leadership strategies within the organization should be adopted when implementing the new technologies. leading refers to the ability of the management to limit the subordinates to contribute willingly to the goals of the organization. The managers should have the skills of influencing others to accept the new structures for the success of the organization.Managing change withi n the organization requires proper leadership skills so that the managers can influence their followers about developing new behaviors to adapt to the new systems of the organization (Robbins, 1998). To ensure the employees accept the new technologies, the management should ensure the employees are satisfied in the jobs designate to them. Job satisfaction creates the willingness to perform duties without being forced and motivates the employees to improve their performance (Herzberg, Mausner and Synderman, 1959).Functional eminence allows the management to introduce better systems within the organization. Kimberly and Evansisko (1981, pg. 693) define functional specialisation as a process which represents the extent to which an organization is divided into different units, normally measured by the different number of units under the hand management. The extent to which an organization differentiations its structures determines the success in implementing technologies. The commu nication process is made efficient by a high differentiation of the processes.The top management has the role of ensuring all employees comply with the established rules for the efficient operation of the severalise units of the organization (Baldridge and Burnham, 1975). To ensure employees are satisfied by the various duties assigned to them, the management should differentiate the organizations units and allocate jobs according to the skills and experience of the individual employees. The use of technology in different units should ensure that the subordinates are allocated the appropriate units to revoke conflicts (Ahls, 2001). Bibliography Ahls, B. , 2001. Organizational behavior A model for cultural change.Ind. Manage. , 43 6-9. Bakan, I. , Tasliyan, M, Buyukbese, T. , Eraslan, I. H & Coskun, M (n. d. ). Organizational communications the role of information technology (it). Retrieved 5 June 2010 from Baldridge, J. and R. Burnham, (1975). Organizational innovation Individual , organizational and environmental impacts. Admin. Sci. Q. , 20 165-176. Bridges, W. , 1991. Managing Transitions Making the or so of Change. world-class Edn. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc. , Massachusetts. Cohn, S. F. and R. M. Turyn, (1980).The structure of a firm and the adoption of process innovations. IEEE Trans. Eng. Manage. , 27 98-102. Dewar, R. D. and J. E. Dutton, (1986). The adoption of radical and incremental innovations An empirical analysis. Manage. Sci. , 32 1422-1433. Dubrin, A. J. (1997). Essentials of management, South-Western College Publishing, Ohio. Evan, W. M. and G. Black, (1967). Innovation in business organizations Some factors associated with success or harm of staff proposals. J. Business, 40 516-530. Fariborz, D. , (1991). Organizational innovation A meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators. Acad. Manage. J. , 34 555-590.Gill, R. , (2003). Change management-or change leadership? J. Change Manage. , 3 307-318. Harman, Chris Zombie (2009). capitalist economy Global Crisis and the Relevance of Marx / London Bookmarks Publications. ISBN 9781905192533 Herzberg, F. , B. Mausner and B. B. Synderman, (1959). The Motivation to Work. beginning(a) Edn Wiley, New York. Hitt, Michael A. , Barbara W. Keats, Herbert F. Harback, and Robert D. Nixon (1994). Rightsizing structure and Maintaining Strategic Leadership and Long-Term Competitiveness, Organizational Dynamics, 232, 18-32 Gregory, Jannifer (1999). Encouraging Organizational Learning Through Pay after a Corporate retrenchment.Mngement, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 163-181. Jones, Marc T. (17 Apr 2002). Globalization and organizational restructuring A strategic perspective. Thunderbird International Business Review, Volume 44, Issue 3 (p 325-351). Jones, R. G. and M. G. Jennifer, 2003. Contemporary Management. 1st Edn. McGraw-Hill, Irwin, California. Kim, L. , 1980. Organizational innovation and structure. J. Business Res. , 8 225-245. Kimberly, J. R. and M. J. Evansisko, ( 1981). Organizational innovation The influence of individual, organizational and contextual factors on hospital adoption of technological and administrative innovations.Acad. Manage. J. , 24 689-713. Pierce, J. L. and A. L. Delbecq, (1977). Organization structure individual attitudes and innovation. Acad. Manage. Rev. , 2 27-37. Porter, M. E. , 1985. Competitive Advantage. 1st Edn. Free Press, New York. Robbins, S. P. , 1998. Organizational Behavior. 1st Edn, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Rogers, E. M. , 1995. diffusion of Innovations. 3rd Edn. , Free Press, New York. Saran, A. , L. Serviere & M. Kalliny, (2009). Corporate culture, organizational dynamics and

Comparison of Indirect Cost Multipliers for Vehicle Manufacturing Essay

This report was prepared as an account of effect sponsored by an agency of the united States Government. Neither the linked States Government nor some(prenominal) agency t hereof, nor The University of Chicago, nor any of their employees or officers, makes any warranty, express or implied, or demands any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or advantage of any in determineation, apparatus, product, or process dis meand, or represents that its use would non go against privately owned rights.Reference herein to any specific commercial message product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does non necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of document authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof, Argonne National Laboratory, or The University of Chicago. compare OF INDIRECT COST MULTIPLIERS FOR VEHICLE MANUFACTURING INTRODUCTION In the process of manufacturing and sell fomites, a manufacturer incurs certain toll. Among these be are those incurred instanter as a part of manufacturing operations and those incurred indirectly in the processes of manufacturing and selling. The indirect damages may be exertionrelated, such as R&D and engineering science business-related, such as corporate staff salaries and pensions or retail-sales-related, such as bargainer support and marketing. These indirect be are recovered by altogetherocating them to each vehicle.Under a stable, high-volume production process, the allocation of these indirect lives can be approximated as multiplier agents (or factors) applied to the direct comprise of manufacturing. A manufacturer usually allocates indirect appeals to finished vehicles according to a corporation-specific pricing strategy. Because the volumes of sales and production divert widely by case within a corporation, the internal corporate percent allocation of several(a) accounting categories (such as profit or corporate command processing overhead time) can vary widely among singular models. Approaches also vary across corporations.For our purposes, an average valuate is constructed, by means of a generic representative method, for vehicle models produced at high volume. To accomplish this, staff at Argonne National Laboratorys (ANLs) Center for Transportation Research analyzed the conventional vehicle cost structure and developed indirect cost multipliers for passenger vehicles. This memorandum summarizes the results of an causal agent to compare and put on a common basis the cost multipliers utilize in ANLs electric and crisscross electric vehicle cost estimation procedures with those resulting from dickens other methodologies.One of the two compared methodologies is derived from a 1996 presentation by Dr. Chris Borroni-Bird o f Chrysler Corporation, the other is by Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc. (EEA), as depict in a 1995 report by the Office of engineering Assessment (OTA), Congress of the United States. The cost multipliers are used for scale the comp mavennt costs to retail prices. ANL METHODOLOGY The ANL methodology described here is based on an analysis concerned with electric vehicle production and operating costs (Cuenca et al. 2000 Vyas et al. 1998).The analysis evaluated the cost structure for conventional vehicle manufacturing and retailing and assigned shares of the manufacturers suggested retail price (MSRP) to divers(a) cost contributors. Multipliers developed from the ANL methodology are applied to the manufacturing cost of an individual component in order to scale the component cost to the retail price. Several cost contributors are holdd in the methodology, as summarized in skirt 1. Some of the vehicle components for electric and hybrid electric vehicles would be procured fr om come out of the closetside suppliers.This assumption is applied to electric drive components, excluding the battery the vehicle manufacturer would produce the rest. Thus, two cost multipliers, one for the components manufactured internally and the other for outsourced components, are necessary to estimate the price of electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Outside suppliers would incur some of the costs normally borne by the vehicle manufacturer. In the ANL methodology, we assume that the costs of Warranty, R&D/Engineering, and depreciation and amortization are borne by the Page 1 suppliers of outsourced components.The outside suppliers would include these costs in their prices. The following two cost multipliers are computed by victimization rack upress of fabrication as the base greet multiplier for components manufactured internally = century/50 = 2. 00. hail multiplier for outsourced components = 100/(50 + 6. 5 + 5. 5 + 5) = 1. 50. parry 1 endorsers to Manufacturers Suggested sell monetary value in ANL methodology appeal house toll Contributor congress to Share of exist of fomite MSRP Manufacturing (%) vehicle Manufacturing Cost of Manufacture 1. 00 50. 0 Production command overhead Warranty 0. 10 5. 0 R&D/Engineering 0.13 6. 5 Depreciation and Amortization 0. 11 5. 5 Corporate hit Corporate Overhead, Retirement and 0. 14 7. 0 wellness selling Distribution, Marketing, head 0. 47 23. 5 Support, and school principal deduction gibe of be 1. 95 97. 5 shekels Profit 0. 05 2. 5 Total persona to 2. 00 100. 0 MSRP METHODOLOGY DERIVED FROM BORRONI-BIRD PRESENTATION In his presentation, empower self-propelled Fuel Cell Requirements, at the 1996 Automotive Technology outgrowth Customers Coordination Meeting, Borroni-Bird included charts on the Typical American automobile Price/Cost Breakdown. The charts submitd a graphical breakdown of vehicle price, showing cost contributors and profit. We used the charts to arrive at percentage sh ares of vehicle price by mingled contributors. Table 2 shows the resulting allocation. Page 2 Table 2 Price/Cost Breakdown Based on Borroni-Bird Presentation Cost division Cost Contributor a vehicle Manufacturing glacial Cost exchange add together of be Profit MSRP a poppycock Cost convention Labor and Other Manufacturing a Costs Transportation/Warranty Amortization and Depreciation, Engineering R&D, Pension and Health Care, Advertising, and Overhead Price Discounts head Markup Automobile Profit.Relative to Cost of Vehicle Manufacturing 0. 87 0. 13 0. 09 0. 44 Share of MSRP (%) 42. 5 6. 5 4. 5 21. 5 0. 10 0. 36 1. 99 0. 06 2. 05 5. 0 17. 5 97. 5 2. 5 100. 0 These two contributors are scaled to sum to 1 in the third column, as in Table 1. In his presentation, Borroni-Bird did not evaluate the treatment of in-house or outsourced components. His methodology does not lend itself to easy computation of cost multipliers similar with those in the ANL methodology, unless we make a few assumptions.We wee-wee assumed that Material Cost, taken together with lying Labor and Other Manufacturing Costs, would form the Vehicle Manufacturing base for the in-house components. The costs of Transportation/Warranty, Amortization and Depreciation, and Engineering R&D would be borne by the suppliers of outsourced components. However, Amortization and Depreciation and Engineering R&D costs were merged with Pension and Health Care, Advertising, and Overhead costs by Borroni-Bird.We assumed that half of the costs under this category would be borne by the suppliers of outsourced components. Our assumptions led to the following cost multipliers Cost multiplier for components manufactured internally = 100/(42. 5 + 6. 5) = 2. 05. Cost multiplier for outsourced components = 100/(42. 5 + 6. 5 + 4. 5 + 10. 75) = 1. 56. These cost multipliers are very similar to those computed with the ANL methodology. Comparison of ANL and Borroni-Bird Methodologies The information from Tables 1 and 2 is shown in destinations of cost categories in Table 3. Both methodologies use vehicle manufacturing cost as the base and add other costs to it.The share of MSRP attributable to Vehicle Manufacturing is 50% in the ANL methodology, compared with 49% in the Borroni-Bird methodological analysis. Borroni-Bird feature several cost contributors under Fixed Cost. These contributors include (see Table 2) Amortization and Depreciation, Engineering R&D, Pension and Health Care, Advertising, and Overhead. Except for the inclusion of Advertising, Production Overhead and Corporate Overhead in the ANL methodology can be combined to form an equivalent category. ANLs total of 24% by production Page 3.and corporate overheads is somewhat disdain than the total of 26% by Borroni-Bird. The ANL category of Selling, which includes Distribution, Marketing, Dealer Support, and Dealer Discount, is broader than that of Price Discounts and Dealer Markup specified by BorroniBird, and this categorys contribution is understandably slightly higher in the ANL methodology. The share of MSRP by Profit is the very(prenominal) in both methodologies. The absolute differences, computed as ANL value negative Borroni-Bird value, are 1% for Vehicle Manufacturing, 2% for Fixed Cost, and 1% for Selling cost.Table 3 Comparison of Vehicle Price/Cost storage allocation by ANL and Borroni-Bird Methodologies ANL methodological analysis Cost Contributor or Category Vehicle Manufacturing Production Overhead Corporate Overhead Selling Sum of Costs Profit MSRP EEA METHODOLOGY The methodology of Energy and Environmental Analysis is summarized in the OTA report OTAETI-638, entitled Advanced Automotive Technology Visions of a Super-Efficient Family Car, produce in September 1995. The values of some cost contributors are not listed in the report.Moreover, depreciation, amortization, and tooling expenses are assumed to be case-specific and therefore must be computed for each case. In order to make t he EEA and ANL methodologies comparable, some assumptions were necessary. These assumptions are described in the summary below. The EEA cost equations can be simplified as follows Cost of Manufacture = family Cost ? 1 + discrepancy Overhead Manufacturer Cost = Cost of Manufacture + Assembly Labor + Assembly Overhead ? 1 + Manufacturing Overhead + Manufacturing Profit + Engineering get down + Tooling Expense + Facilities Expense Retail Price Equivalent = Manufacturer Cost ?1 + Dealer Margin Borroni-Bird Methodology Share of Cost Contributor or Category Share of MSRP (%) MSRP (%) 50. 0 Vehicle Manufacturing 49. 0 17. 0 Fixed Cost 26. 0 7. 0 23. 5 Selling 22. 5 97. 5 Sum of Costs 97. 5 2. 5 Automobile Profit 2. 5 100. 0 MSRP 100. 0 Page 4 The report lists the following values for overhead, profit, and dealer margin Division Overhead = Supplier Overhead = 0. 20 (We assume that division and supplier overheads are equal only the supplier overhead is given in the report. ) Manufacturing Overhead = 0. 25 Manufacturing Profit = 0.20 Dealer Margin = 0. 25 Because the documentation in the OTA report does not provide values for Assembly Labor, Assembly Overhead, Engineering Expense, Tooling Expense, and Facilities Expense, cost multipliers cannot be computed directly from these data. The Assembly Labor and Assembly Overhead share of MSRP is 6. 5% in Borroni-Birds presentation. The engineering, tooling, and facilities expenses can be taken as the sum of R&D/Engineering and Depreciation and Amortization from the ANL methodology, at 12% of the MSRP.In deriving the division cost and price relationship below, we use the term Retail Price Equivalent (RPE) from the OTA report instead of MSRP. The RPE can be computed as follows RPE = = = Division Cost ? 1. 2 + 0. 065 RPE ? 1. 45 + 0. 12 RPE ? 1. 25 Division Cost ? 2. 175 + 0. 268 RPE Division Cost ? 2. 175/(1 0. 268) = Division Cost ? 2. 97 Putting ANL and EEA Methodologies on a Common footing As it was described in the OTA report, the EEA methodology did not provide enough data to compute the cost multipliers.We assumed some cost shares to be the same between the EEA, Borroni-Bird, and ANL methodologies while developing the above relationship between Division Cost and RPE. The EEA methodology is based on the material and labor costs of a division of the vehicle manufacturer, with other costs added on. The ANL methodology evaluates an assembled vehicle, using the vehicle manufacturing cost as the base cost. The ANL methodology also assigns redundant costs to the outsourced components, whereas the treatment of such components is not clear in the EEA methodology.We have attempted to develop a common basis for the ANL and EEA methodologies by assigning shares of the final vehicle price, RPE in the EEA methodology, to individual cost categories similar to those listed in Table 1. Table 4 presents such a summary for the EEA methodology. tierce cost contributors, Division Cost, Division Overhead, and Ass embly Labor and Overhead, are combined under the Vehicle Manufacturing category. Two cost contributors, Manufacturing Overhead and Engineering, Tooling, and Facilities Expenses, combine to form the Overhead category.The Dealer Margin in the EEA methodology represents a factor applied to all manufacturer costs and profit. We assumed that this factor represents all costs of selling the vehicle. Although the profit is computed at the manufacturing level by EEA, we travel the profit to the bottom of the table to be consistent with prior tables. The cost allocation in Table 4 allows us to compute the in-house components cost multiplier as follows Cost multiplier for in-house components = 100/(33. 7 + 6. 7 + 6. 5) = 2. 14 Page 5 To compute the cost multiplier for an outsourced component, one more assumption is necessary.In the ANL methodology, we assumed that the supplier will bear the costs of Warranty, R&D Engineering, and Depreciation and Amortization. However, the EEA methodology do es not hear the warranty cost separately. We assumed it to be half of Manufacturing Overhead at 5. 05%. This, with the earlier assumption related to Engineering, Tooling, and Facilities Expenses, led to the following computation Cost multiplier for outsourced components = 100/(33. 7 + 6. 7 + 6. 5 + 5. 05 + 12) = 1. 56These multipliers, adequate from our extension of the EEA information on vehicle costs, are very weedy to those derived from the ANL and Borroni-Bird methodologies. Table 4 Contributors to Retail Price Equivalent in EEA Methodology Cost Category Cost Contributor a Vehicle Manufacturing Overhead Selling Sum of Costs Profit Manufacturing Profit Total Contribution to RPE a Division Cost a Division Overhead Assembly Labor and a Overhead Manufacturing Overhead Engineering, Tooling, and Facilities Expenses Dealer Margin Relative to Cost of Vehicle Manufacturing 0. 72 0. 14 0. 14 0. 22 0. 26 0. 49 1. 97 0. 17 2. 14 Share of RPE (%) 33. 7 6. 7 6. 5 10. 1 12. 0 22.9 91. 9 8. 1 100. 0 These three cost contributors are scaled to sum to 1 in the third column, as in Table 1. Comparison of ANL and EEA Methodologies The information from Tables 1 and 4 is presented in terms of cost categories in Table 5 for easy comparison. The Vehicle Manufacturing cost share is 46. 9% in the EEA methodology, compared with 50% in the ANL methodology. EEAs RPE share of 22. 1% by overhead is lower than the ANL value of 24%. The cost of selling is 22. 9% in the EEA methodology, which is close to the ANL value of 23. 5%. The largest difference is in the RPE share by profit, which is 8.1% in the EEA methodology, more than three times the ANL value of 2. 5%. correspond to Economic Indicators The Motor Vehicles Role in the U. S. economy (American Automobile Manufacturers Association 1998), the average net income before taxes for the three home(prenominal) manufacturers was 3. 9% during 1994-1997. Aside from vehicle sales, this value (3. 9%) includes income from spare part sales and vehicle financing. Thus, the profit share appears very high in the EEA methodology. The absolute differences computed as ANL value minus EEA value are 3. 1% for component/material cost, 1.9% for overhead, 0. 6% for selling, and 5. 6% for profit. Page 6 Table 5 Comparison of Price Allocation by ANL and EEA Methodologies ANL Methodology Cost Contributor or Category Vehicle Manufacturing Production Overhead Corporate Overhead Selling Sum of Costs Profit MSRP compend An attempt to put three methodologies for automobile cost allocation on a common basis is presented in this skilful memorandum. This comparison was carried out to verify the reasonableness of the cost multipliers used in ANLs cost models for electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles.When put into a common format, by means of certain assumptions, the three approaches yielded the cost multipliers provided in Table 6. Table 6 Summary of Cost Multipliers Computed on a Common Basis Multiplier for In-House Components Outsourced Components ACKNOWLEDGMENT Funding for the analysis presented here was provided by the readiness and Assessment function of the Office of Transportation Technologies of the U. S. subdivision of Energy, managed by Dr. Philip Patterson. This technical memorandum is produced under U. S. Government contract No.W-31-109-Eng-38. REFERENCES American Automobile Manufacturers Association, 1998, Economic Indicators The Motor Vehicles Role in the U. S. Economy, Detroit, Mich. Borroni-Bird, C. , 1996, Automotive Fuel Cell Requirements, Proceedings of the 1996 Automotive Technology Development Customers Coordination Meeting, U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Transportation Technologies, Washington, D. C. ANL 2. 00 1. 50 Borroni-Bird 2. 05 1. 56 EEA 2. 14 1. 56 EEA Methodology Share of Cost Contributor or Category MSRP (%) 50. 0 Vehicle Manufacturing 17.0 Overhead 7. 0 23. 5 Selling 97. 5 Sum of Costs 2. 5 Profit 100. 0 RPE Share of RPE (%) 46. 9 22. 1 22. 9 91. 9 8. 1 100. 0 Pag e 7 Cuenca, R. M. , L. L. Gaines, and A. D. Vyas, 2000, rating of Electric Vehicle Production and Operating Costs, Argonne National Laboratory story ANL/ESD-41, Argonne, Ill. (to be published). Vyas, A. , R. Cuenca, and L. Gaines, 1998, An Assessment of Electric Vehicle Life Cycle Costs to Consumers, Proceedings of the 1998 Total Life Cycle Conference, SAE International Report P339, Warrendale, Penn. , pp. 161-172.